Diseases of cereal and forage crops in the United States in 1923 /

Abstract

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Humanitarianism in the Modern World

“…Many smaller donor countries like Japan, Finland, and Switzerland directed all their relief through channels in civil society. 192 Food distribution was complicated by the fact that many of those affected by famine were living in areas outside of the control of the Ethiopian government, such as Eritrea, Tigray, and northern Wollo (see Figure 2.3). The respect officially accorded to sovereignty during the Cold Wareven to unpalatable regimes like the Dergmeant that Western governments were slow to provide aid to rebel-held areas.…”

“…191 John Borton, The Changing Role of NGOs in the Provision of Relief and Rehabilitation Assistance: Case Study 3 -Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea (London: Overseas Development Institute, 1994), 70. 192 Poster, 'Gentle War ',415;Jansson,'Emergency Relief',47;USAID,Final Disaster Report,38. 193 Duffield and Prendergast,Without Troops,3;de Waal,Famine Crimes,129;Max Peberdy,Tigray: Ethiopia's donating public needed to be made aware of how their contributions were being used.…”

“…In the end, he alleged, it was not 'humanitarian sentiment' but 'cold economic importance' that determined the Norwegian government's actions in this question. 192 A conference organised by the International Committee of the Red Cross in Berlin in December 1921 passed a resolution embodying a similar notion, namely, that the world economy depended on the restoration of Russian markets and production. 193 Hoover was an outspoken anti-Bolshevik, but since the ARA relied on public funding, he emphasised US self-interest as being served by famine relief, which he described as an 'act of economic soundness '.…”

“…A Soviet functionary commented to an ARA relief worker that while he understood that the rations were composed according to scientific standards, the peasants simply wanted their black bread. 192 On the other hand, exotic products like condensed milk and cacao became symbols not only of foreign relief, but of the unknown Western world, and were dearly missed when the organisations withdrew from Russia. 193 The ARA's main export was corn in its raw state and Hoover argued that 'nearly double the food values can be delivered in corn as could be delivered in wheat for the same money '.…”

“…They would have been richer by one of the purest and most beautiful joys of their whole life. 192 A representative of a village that received food from the Jewish-American Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) wrote that 'people kiss each other in the streets and tears of joy are flowing '. 193 Europeans and Americans who could not see this with their own eyes depended on such reports in order to feel the 'warm glow', causing many similar descriptions to appear in publications of the major organisations and in the media.…”