Diseases caused by <i>Pythium insidiosum</i> in sheep and goats: a review

Carmo, P. M. S.; Uzal, Francisco A.; Riet-Correa, Franklin

doi:10.1177/1040638720968937

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Involvement of the CNS in conidiobolomycosis occurs by direct extension of proliferative and destructive granulomatous lesions that extend from the middle third of the nasal cavity to the cribriform plaque, olfactory bulb and, more often, to the frontal cortex (RIET-CORREA et al, 2008;PORTELA et al, 2010;UBIALI et al, 2013;MUSTAFA et al, 2015). In the present case, the lesions were located in the rostral portion of the nasal cavity, presenting macroscopic aspects similar to the rhinofacial pythiosis described by other authors (SANTURIO et al, 2008;PORTELA et al, 2010;CARRERA et al, 2013;BERNARDO et al, 2015;MUSTAFA et al, 2015;CARMO et al, 2021). However, the histopathological observation of vasculitis and thrombosis associated with P. insidiosum hyphae in the lumen of vessels suggests that the involvement of the CNS occurred through hematogenesis.…”

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confidence: 85%

“…In Brazil, sheep are frequently infected with P. insidiosum, with cases described in the Northeast (TABOSA et al, 2004;RIET-CORREA et al, 2008;PORTELA et al, 2010;CARRERA et al, 2013), Midwest (SANTURIO et al, 2008;UBIALI et al, 2013;MUSTAFA et al, 2015) and South (BERNARDO et al, 2015) regions of the country. The most common clinical forms reported in sheep include the nasal (SANTURIO et al, 2008;PORTELA et al, 2010;BERNARDO et al, 2015;MUSTAFA et al, 2015;CARMO et al, 2021), cutaneous (TABOSA et al, 2004RIET-CORREA et al, 2008;YOLANDA & KRAJAEJUN, 2022) and digestive (PESSOA et al, 2012;YOLANDA & KRAJAEJUN, 2022).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Meningoencephalitis secondary to rhinitis caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep

et al. 2023

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A case of meningoencephalitis caused by Pythium insidiosum secondary to rhinitis is reported in a three-year-old crossbred sheep from a herd of 15 animals, raised extensively and with free access to a weir. The animal presented mild dyspnea, blindness, mydriasis, opisthotonos, nystagmus, incoordination, decreased mandibular tone, and spasticity of the pelvic limbs. Macroscopic examination of the nasal cavity showed a blackish-red, irregular, friable mass that bilaterally compromised the nasal septum and the rostral portion of the nasal turbinates. In the brain, there was diffuse thickening of the leptomeninges of the cerebellum and ventral portion of the brainstem characterized by yellowish, granular material associated with vessel hyperemia. On the floor of the fourth ventricle, there was deposition of yellowish, irregular, slightly granular material that protruded towards the obex and displaced the cerebellum dorsolaterally. Microscopically, there were pyogranulomatous, eosinophilic, necrotizing rhinitis and fibrinosuppurative, eosinophilic, necrotizing meningoencephalitis, both associated with thrombosis, vasculitis, and intralesional hyphae. The hyphae were impregnated with silver and presented thin, parallel walls, rarely septate and branched. At immunohistochemistry, the hyphae were immunostained with polyclonal anti-P. insidiosum antibody in fragments of the cerebellum and nasal cavity. The findings showed that P. insidiosum rhinitis can secondarily affect the nervous system of sheep, causing nonspecific neurological clinical signs.

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confidence: 85%

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confidence: 99%

Meningoencephalitis secondary to rhinitis caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep

et al. 2023

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“…The rabbit model of pythiosis has been established to investigate PIA immunotherapeutic properties [122,250,255,261]. Such an animal model shows atypical manifestations (i.e., cutaneous nodules) compared with pythiosis in the natural hosts (i.e., humans and various animals) [50,97,122,216,224,[262][263][264]. Besides, housing the experimental rabbits comes at a high cost, demanding space, facilities, and skilled personnel.…”

Section: Future Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis

Yolanda

Krajaejun

2021

Vaccines

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The fungus-like microorganism Pythium insidiosum causes pythiosis, a life-threatening infectious disease increasingly reported worldwide. Antimicrobial drugs are ineffective. Radical surgery is an essential treatment. Pythiosis can resume post-surgically. Immunotherapy using P. insidiosum antigens (PIA) has emerged as an alternative treatment. This review aims at providing up-to-date information of the immunotherapeutic PIA, with the focus on its history, preparation, clinical application, outcome, mechanism, and recent advances, in order to promote the proper use and future development of this treatment modality. P. insidiosum crude extract is the primary source of immunotherapeutic antigens. Based on 967 documented human and animal (mainly horses) pythiosis cases, PIA immunotherapy reduced disease morbidity and mortality. Concerning clinical outcomes, 19.4% of PIA-immunized human patients succumbed to vascular pythiosis instead of 41.0% in unimmunized cases. PIA immunotherapy may not provide an advantage in a local P. insidiosum infection of the eye. Both PIA-immunized and unimmunized horses with pythiosis showed a similar survival rate of ~70%; however, demands for surgical intervention were much lesser in the immunized cases (22.8% vs. 75.2%). The proposed PIA action involves switching the non-protective T-helper-2 to protective T-helper-1 mediated immunity. By exploring the available P. insidiosum genome data, synthetic peptides, recombinant proteins, and nucleic acids are potential sources of the immunotherapeutic antigens worth investigating. The PIA therapeutic property needs improvement for a better prognosis of pythiosis patients.

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“…The first occurrence of pythiosis in humans was documented in 1985 [54,55]. In the past decades, new pythiosis cases have been increasingly reported in the literature [3,[56][57][58][59][60][61]. The geographical extent and burden of pythiosis at a global scale are unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

Yolanda

Krajaejun

2022

JoF

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Pythiosis is a difficult-to-treat infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. The condition is unfamiliar among healthcare workers. Manifestation of pythiosis is similar to other fungal infections, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The geographical extent of pythiosis at a global scale is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical information recorded in the scientific literature to comprehensively project epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and future trends of pythiosis. From 1980 to 2021, 4203 cases of pythiosis in humans (n = 771; 18.3%) and animals (primarily horse, dog, and cow; n = 3432; 81.7%), with an average of 103 cases/year, were recruited. Pythiosis case reports significantly increased in the last decade. Pythiosis spanned 23 tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries worldwide. Some patients acquired pythiosis from a trip to an endemic country. Strikingly, 94.3% of human cases were in India and Thailand, while 79.2% of affected animals were in the U.S.A. and Brazil. Clinical features of pythiosis varied. Vascular and ocular pythiosis were only observed in humans, whereas cutaneous/subcutaneous and gastrointestinal infections were predominant in animals. Mortality depended on host species and clinical forms: for example, none in patients with ocular pythiosis, 0.7% in cows with a cutaneous lesion, 26.8% in humans with vascular disease, 86.4% in dogs with gastrointestinal pathology, and 100% in several animals with disseminated infection. In summary, this study reports up-to-date epidemiological and clinical features of pythiosis in humans and animals. It increases awareness of this life-threatening disease, as the illness or outbreak can exist in any country, not limited to the endemic areas.

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Diseases caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep and goats: a review

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

Meningoencephalitis secondary to rhinitis caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep

Meningoencephalitis secondary to rhinitis caused by Pythium insidiosum in sheep

History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis

Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals

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