Diseases and parasites

Stimmelmayr, Raphaela; Rotstein, David S.; Sheffield, Gay; Brower, Harry; George, J. C.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818969-6.00030-3

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…In dogs and cats, pancreatitis leading to leakage of pancreatic enzymes and subsequent abdominal fat saponification has been identified as a common process resulting in abdominal fat necrosis (Schwarz et al 2000, Adamama-Moraitou et al 2008). Pancreatic tissue was not collected from the 3 whales with abdominal masses, thus we cannot exclude the presence of pancreatitis; however, pancreatic lesions in cluding pancreatitis appear to be uncommon (~3.5%) in bowhead whales (Stimmelmayr et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite their extreme longevity, few disease conditions have been observed during post-mortem examination of subsistence-harvested Bering−Chukchi− Beaufort Seas (BCB) bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus (Stimmelmayr et al 2021). Here, we report the incidence, sex and age distribution, and gross and histopathological characteristics of encapsulated fat necrosis that presented as subcutaneous (interface between muscle tissue and blubber), abdominal, and thoracic masses in 7 bowhead whales harvested for subsistence by Alaskan Inupiaq between 1996 and 2015 near the coastal communities of Utqiaġvik (71.29°N, 156.79°W), Kaktovik (70.13°N, 143.62°W), and Wainwright (70.63°N, 160.03°W), Alaska, USA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Subcutaneous, abdominal, and thoracic encapsulated fat necrosis in bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus from Alaska, USA

2021

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We describe a case series of encapsulated fat necrosis with subcutaneous, abdominal, and thoracic locations in 7 subsistence-harvested bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus. Masses had a variably-dense fibrous capsule surrounding necrotic adipocytes and calcium salts (saponification). One animal also had prior concussive injury, pleural fibrosis, and hepatic lipoma; the other animals had no significant findings. The described condition is uncommon in bowhead whales, with 7/575 (1.2%) observed from 1996 to 2015. The exact mechanisms of development of encapsulated fat necrosis in bowhead whales remain to be determined. Encapsulated fat necrosis has been reported in other baleen whales, humans, and cows. It is usually an incidental finding during post-mortem examination that needs to be differentiated from neoplastic and inflammatory lesions, as the latter may have public health implications. Assessment of further cases in bowhead whales and other baleen whales is warranted to better understand their pathogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subcutaneous, abdominal, and thoracic encapsulated fat necrosis in bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus from Alaska, USA

2021

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“…The participation of Indigenous people from the outset, in disease monitoring, tissue sampling and data collection more generally, is vital and an expectation under modern treaties such as the Nunavut Agreement. Early and regular Indigenous participation in these efforts is bound to improve the likelihood of detecting zoonotic risks as they emerge, and provide a more holistic understanding of such risks in the rapidly changing Arctic (Keatts et al, 2021;Stimmelmayr et al, 2021). Particularly with increasing proposals for new and expanded industrial development, and the rising potential for ecological impacts from climate change, the need for good baseline data becomes ever more critical to inform environmental impact assessments.…”

Section: Sustainability Of the Huntmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bowhead whales and whaling in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic, 1970-2021

Reeves

Lee²

2022

JCRM

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The history of bowhead whaling and hunt management in the eastern and central Canadian Arctic is reviewed. Subsistence hunting of bowhead whales by Inuit resumed in the 1990s under co-management arrangements that were part of land-claims settlement agreements. Removals by whaling in both Canada and Greenland have been accounted for in IWC Scientific Committee assessments of the Eastern Canada–West Greenland (EC-WG) stock, but Canada, having withdrawn from IWC membership in 1982, has no legal obligation to consider IWC management advice. From 1994-2021 the total reported catch of bowheads in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic was 39 (not including struck-and-lost whales or whales that died from incidental entanglement in fishing gear). Sixteen different communities, most of which had a long history of bowhead whaling prior to the arrival of commercial whalers, took at least one bowhead over that 27-year period. More than half of the recent catches have been by the communities of Igloolik, Sanijarak, Naujaat and Coral Harbour, all in the Foxe Basin–Repulse Bay–northern Hudson Bay region where at least occasional hunting of bowheads by local people had persisted until well into the 1970s. Greenland’s reported landed catches totaled from 2009-2015, with no successful hunts reported since 2015. Well over a third of the whales landed by both countries combined have been mature females, the most valuable class in terms of potential for population increase. Several factors in addition to hunting and entanglement in fishing gear are likely affecting EC-WG bowheads, including increased exposure to killer whale predation (linked to the massive reduction in sea ice) and other changes in ecological conditions driven primarily by climate change (e.g. more industrial activity, more vessel traffic, more noise). Recent analyses suggest the EC-WG stock of bowheads has grown considerably since the end of commercial whaling, with best estimates of current abundance in the range of 6000-7000 individuals. Even though the population appears capable of sustaining present levels of removal and disturbance, it is important for monitoring efforts to continue in both Canada and Greenland, with regular Indigenous participation. Local observations and traditional knowledge can be valuable sources of information on animal health, behaviour and phenology.

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“…comm.). Incidental sarcocystosis has been detected in other baleen whales including sei and bowhead whales (Akao, 1970;Stimmelmayr et al, 2021). Two of 21 gray whales hunted for subsistence during 2018-2019 were positive for Toxoplasma gondii by (ELISA) (Litkova et al, 2020).…”

Section: Protozoamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Health and Disease: Review and Future Directions

Stimmelmayr

Gulland

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Diseases and parasites

Cited by 6 publications

References 79 publications

Subcutaneous, abdominal, and thoracic encapsulated fat necrosis in bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus from Alaska, USA

Subcutaneous, abdominal, and thoracic encapsulated fat necrosis in bowhead whales Balaena mysticetus from Alaska, USA

Bowhead whales and whaling in the central and eastern Canadian Arctic, 1970-2021

Gray Whale (Eschrichtius robustus) Health and Disease: Review and Future Directions

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