“…Multiple infections have also influenced the titer of the coinfecting viruses. This influence on disease severity and virus accumulation by coinfection however, depend on the type of virus, host resistance status, type of virus-virus-host interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic), and climatic factors (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Disease severity was determined visually by the symptoms of virus infection on the sampled plants using a symptom severity rating scale of 1–5, where 1 = no visible symptoms, 2 = mild mosaic or mottling on few leaves, 3 = mosaic or mottling on many leaves, 4 = severe mosaic on all the leaves, puckering and mild stunting and 5 = severe mosaic, puckering, leaf distortion, severe stunting with necrosis or death of leaves or plants (Fig. 1 ) (Shoyinka et al 1997 ; Ogunsola et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, most of these viruses produce common systemic symptoms of mosaic, mottling, puckering, leaf deformation and stunted growth. Hence, symptoms induced on plants by different virus infection can only indicate the presence of virus but cannot be used to identify specific viruses, in which case, diagnostic tools are required for effective identification (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aphis crassivora transmits CABMV, BCMV-BlCM and CMV) (DaPalma et al 2010 ). Multiple infections usually result in virus-virus interactions among the co-infecting viruses, which might produce a synergy that can break down the host’s resistance to a single viral disease, leading to a severe pathological response in form of a devastating reduction in cowpea productivity (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Cowpea is an important source of dietary proteins in the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Its productivity is constrained by several viral diseases and there are limited updates on the incidence and distribution of these diseases in Nigeria. This study assessed the distribution and prevalence of cowpea viruses in Southwest Nigeria. Field surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2018, in which a total of 600 leaf samples were randomly collected from 60 cowpea fields in four (Oyo, Ogun, Ondo and Osun) states at 15 fields per state and 10 samples per field. Disease incidence and severity were recorded while virus infections were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Viral disease symptoms of systemic mosaic, mottling, puckering, vein-banding, leaf deformation and stunted growth were observed. Highest virus incidence and severity (100% and 4.8 ± 0.4) were observed at Adeosun Avenue, Ondo state, whereas Boredun, Osun state had the least (80% and 3.8 ± 0.7), with some symptomless fields found among the states. Seven viruses, viz.: cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), cowpea mottle virus (CMoV) and cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) were detected from 173 (28.8%) samples collected from 32 (53.3%) fields across the states. CPMMV was prevalent, detected from 30.0% of surveyed fields, whereas CYMV was the least prevalent (3.3%). Multiple infections of two to four viruses were observed among 12.5% of samples from 51.7% of fields. Highest incidence of single and multiple virus infections were observed in Ondo state. This updates on virus distributions in Southwest Nigeria will be useful for multiple virus resistance-breeding programs and other viral disease management strategies for improved cowpea productivity.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42360-022-00576-8.
“…Multiple infections have also influenced the titer of the coinfecting viruses. This influence on disease severity and virus accumulation by coinfection however, depend on the type of virus, host resistance status, type of virus-virus-host interaction (either synergistic or antagonistic), and climatic factors (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Disease severity was determined visually by the symptoms of virus infection on the sampled plants using a symptom severity rating scale of 1–5, where 1 = no visible symptoms, 2 = mild mosaic or mottling on few leaves, 3 = mosaic or mottling on many leaves, 4 = severe mosaic on all the leaves, puckering and mild stunting and 5 = severe mosaic, puckering, leaf distortion, severe stunting with necrosis or death of leaves or plants (Fig. 1 ) (Shoyinka et al 1997 ; Ogunsola et al 2021 ). Fig.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, most of these viruses produce common systemic symptoms of mosaic, mottling, puckering, leaf deformation and stunted growth. Hence, symptoms induced on plants by different virus infection can only indicate the presence of virus but cannot be used to identify specific viruses, in which case, diagnostic tools are required for effective identification (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Aphis crassivora transmits CABMV, BCMV-BlCM and CMV) (DaPalma et al 2010 ). Multiple infections usually result in virus-virus interactions among the co-infecting viruses, which might produce a synergy that can break down the host’s resistance to a single viral disease, leading to a severe pathological response in form of a devastating reduction in cowpea productivity (Ogunsola et al 2021 ).…”
Cowpea is an important source of dietary proteins in the semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Its productivity is constrained by several viral diseases and there are limited updates on the incidence and distribution of these diseases in Nigeria. This study assessed the distribution and prevalence of cowpea viruses in Southwest Nigeria. Field surveys were conducted in 2017 and 2018, in which a total of 600 leaf samples were randomly collected from 60 cowpea fields in four (Oyo, Ogun, Ondo and Osun) states at 15 fields per state and 10 samples per field. Disease incidence and severity were recorded while virus infections were confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Viral disease symptoms of systemic mosaic, mottling, puckering, vein-banding, leaf deformation and stunted growth were observed. Highest virus incidence and severity (100% and 4.8 ± 0.4) were observed at Adeosun Avenue, Ondo state, whereas Boredun, Osun state had the least (80% and 3.8 ± 0.7), with some symptomless fields found among the states. Seven viruses, viz.: cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), cowpea mottle virus (CMoV) and cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CYMV) were detected from 173 (28.8%) samples collected from 32 (53.3%) fields across the states. CPMMV was prevalent, detected from 30.0% of surveyed fields, whereas CYMV was the least prevalent (3.3%). Multiple infections of two to four viruses were observed among 12.5% of samples from 51.7% of fields. Highest incidence of single and multiple virus infections were observed in Ondo state. This updates on virus distributions in Southwest Nigeria will be useful for multiple virus resistance-breeding programs and other viral disease management strategies for improved cowpea productivity.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42360-022-00576-8.
“…Globally, cowpea is infected by more than 140 viruses, but only nine were reported as economically important [29]. Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), cowpea golden mosaic virus (CPGMV), Southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV), Sunhemp mosaic virus (SHMV), blackeye mosaic virus (BICMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cowpea mottle virus (CMV), cowpea yellow mosaic virus (CPMV), and cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) are the most common seed-borne viral diseases [30]. Viral diseases can cause a yield loss of 10% to 100%, depending on the time and the severity of infection in cowpea [31].…”
Currently, the world population is increasing, and humanity is facing food and nutritional scarcity. Climate change and variability are a major threat to global food and nutritional security, reducing crop productivity in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Cowpea has the potential to make a significant contribution to global food and nutritional security. In addition, it can be part of a sustainable food system, being a genetic resource for future crop improvement, contributing to resilience and improving agricultural sustainability under climate change conditions. In malnutrition prone regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries, cowpea has become a strategic dryland legume crop for addressing food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, this review aims to assess the contribution of cowpea to SSA countries as a climate-resilient crop and the existing production challenges and perspectives. Cowpea leaves and immature pods are rich in diverse nutrients, with high levels of protein, vitamins, macro and micronutrients, minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates compared to its grain. In addition, cowpea is truly a multifunctional crop for maintaining good health and for reducing non-communicable human diseases. However, as a leafy vegetable, cowpea has not been researched and promoted sufficiently because it has not been promoted as a food security crop due to its low yield potential, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, quality assurance issues, policy regulation, and cultural beliefs (it is considered a livestock feed). The development of superior cowpea as a leafy vegetable can be approached in different ways, such as conventional breeding and gene stacking, speed breeding, mutation breeding, space breeding, demand-led breeding, a pan-omics approach, and local government policies. The successful breeding of cowpea genotypes that are high-yielding with a good nutritional value as well as having resistance to biotics and tolerant to abiotic stress could also be used to address food security and malnutrition-related challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.
Mosaic diseases, caused by bean common mosaic virus-blackeye cowpea mosaic strain (BCMV-BlCM), southern bean mosaic virus (SBMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), hamper the productivity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.). Under single or mixed infections, these endemic viruses significantly reduce cowpea yield in sub-Saharan Africa.Virus infections were confirmed via antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Chi-square analysis of the genetic segregation indicated that a recessive gene pair in IT97K-1042-3 controlled the inheritance of resistance to BCMV-BlCM. Duplicate dominant genes conditioned the resistance to SBMV and tolerance to CMV in IT98K-1092-1. The backcrosses confirmed the monogenic and digenic inheritance patterns, whereas reciprocal crosses indicated absence of cytoplasmic effects.
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