Disease and the Development of Inuit Culture [and Comments and Reply]

McGhee, Robert; Burch, Ernest S.; Csonka, Yvon; Dumond, Don E.; Gulløv, Hans Christian; Rowley, Susan; Schledermann, Peter; Smith, Eric Alden; Stenton, Douglas R.; Wenzel, George W.; Workman, William B.

doi:10.1086/204318

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…2). Manuscript to be reviewed Adams, 2009;Friesen, 2010;McGhee, 1994). An estimate of the current HBV/B5 population size in the order of 100,000 is consistent with current estimated host population size estimates based on population statistics (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015; Statistics Canada, 2014;…”

Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedsupporting

confidence: 63%

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

2017

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Background. Indigenous populations of the circumpolar Arctic are considered to be endemically infected (>2% prevalence) with hepatitis B virus (HBV), with subgenotype B5 (formerly B6) unique to these populations. The distinctive properties of HBV/B5, including high nucleotide diversity yet no significant liver disease, suggest virus adaptation through long-term host-pathogen association. Methods. To investigate the origin and evolutionary spread of HBV/B5 into the circumpolar Arctic, fiftyseven partial and full genome sequences from Alaska, Canada and Greenland, having known location and sampling dates spanning 40 years, were phylogeographically investigated by Bayesian analysis (BEAST 2) using a reversible-jump-based substitution model and a clock rate estimated at 4.1x10-5 substitutions/site/year. Results. Following an initial divergence from an Asian viral ancestor approximately 1954 years before present (YBP; 95% highest probability density interval [1188, 2901]), HBV/B5 coalescence occurred almost 1000 years later. Surprisingly, the HBV/B5 ancestor appears to locate first to Greenland in a rapid coastal route progression based on the landscape aware geographic model, with subsequent B5 evolution and spread westward. Bayesian skyline plot analysis demonstrated an HBV/B5 population expansion occurring approximately 400 YBP, coinciding with the disruption of the Neo-Eskimo Thule culture into more heterogeneous and regionally distinct Inuit populations throughout the North American Arctic. Discussion. HBV/B5 origin and spread appears to occur coincident with the movement of Neo-Eskimo (Inuit) populations within the past 1000 years, further supporting the hypothesis of HBV/host coexpansion, and illustrating the concept of host-pathogen adaptation and balance.

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Section: Manuscript To Be Reviewedsupporting

confidence: 63%

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

2017

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“…Given the aforementioned high prevalence of tuberculosis in Europe [39][40][41][42][43][44] The Aboriginals maintained an ancient mobile hunting and gathering lifestyle, which had existed in the Old World and that was conducive to the maintenance of diffuse settlements with low population densities. 8,40,[45][46][47][48] The analysis of pathologies from human skeletal remains of ancient Aboriginal individuals indicate that parasitic, fungal infections and malnutrition were present among the early populations. [49][50][51][52] The consumption of raw or undercooked meat, living conditions that were confined during the winter months, and the pattern of collecting wild plants brought these people into close contact with fungi and parasites, and left them vulnerable to seasonal nutritional deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential cytokine genotype frequencies among Canadian Aboriginal and Caucasian populations

et al. 2004

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Genetic diversity related to the human immune response is a key factor in individual and population survival throughout human history. Population diversity in disease susceptibility and resistance have been identified and linked to differences in cytokine mRNA and protein expression levels. Polymorphisms in the regulatory regions of cytokine genes can influence gene transcription levels and they have been associated with susceptibility to, and/or severity of, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningococcus and sepsis. It is reported here that in two study populations, Canadian Aboriginal individuals have a higher frequency of cytokine single-nucleotide polymorphisms favouring a low production of TNFa, IFNg and IL-10 and high production of IL-6 as compared to a Caucasian population. We postulate that the evolution of this unique cytokine genotype profile may be linked to the Aboriginal adaptation to selection pressures related to an environment in which helminthic, parasitic and fungal infections predominated.

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“…Land-based winter villages also decline in number suggesting a demographic collapse driven by environmental deterioration and/or epidemic disease [69]. A reduction in the encounter rate of whales may have undermined Classic Thule social structure, thought to have been organized under whaling captains, contributing to an overall decrease in population density.…”

Section: Modified Thulementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their successful colonization of the central and eastern Canadian Arctic is thought to have been facilitated by dog traction and open-sea hunting of bowhead whale. Yet the relative contribution of bowhead whale to Thule diets and their importance in later economies is the subject of ongoing debate [26,38,50,62,[64][65][66][67]69,102,[104][105][106][107]. Here we report reconstruction of Eastern Arctic diets from the bone collagen, stable isotope chemistry of adult Dorset, Thule and protohistoric skeletal remains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of Eastern Arctic foragers

Coltrain

Hayes

O’Rourke

2004

Journal of Archaeological Science

121

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Disease and the Development of Inuit Culture [and Comments and Reply]

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

Peer Review #1 of "Tracing hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B5 (formerly B6) evolutionary history in the circumpolar Arctic through phylogeographic modelling (v0.2)"

Differential cytokine genotype frequencies among Canadian Aboriginal and Caucasian populations

Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of Eastern Arctic foragers

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