Disease activity and severity in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis patients

Development of Osteoarthritis in Post-menopausal Women and Different Ways to Manage it

“…Women typically experience an inevitable onset of the ageing process by entering an estrogen-deficient phase when they reach menopause, accelerating the ageing process [5]. Considering differences between women living in different countries, the typical age of menopause is between 50 and 51 [9,10]. Genetics, ethnicity, smoking, socioeconomic status, and pregnancy history impact menopausal age [11].…”

“…It is common knowledge that estrogen reduces inflammation in women and that low estrogen levels are linked to arthritis, though the exact mechanism is still unclear [1]. The immune system is affected by estrogens in both a stimulatory and inhibitory manner [9]. Postmenopausal loss of ovarian function (disuse atrophy) is linked to OA, according to growing evidence that estrogen plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of articular tissue.…”

“…Due to the ovaries' ageing process, ovarian estrogen release would gradually decrease. When compared to women of reproductive age, menopausal women have extremely low levels of estradiol [9]. An average annual bone loss of 2-3% in the first few years and 0.5-1% after that is the overall effect of menopause [12] followed by advancing OA [5].…”