DISCUSSION: Mobilisable strength design for flexible embedded retaining walls

Haigh, Stuart

doi:10.1680/geot.13.d.01

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Superposition of rigid and hinged wall movements has been shown to be able to evaluate any flexible wall displacement in clay, with the corresponding soil deformation mechanisms being superposed to predict the strain field Haigh et al, 2013;. While non-linearity of strains may be important at high wall displacements, for design conditions the system will remain approximately linear.…”

Section: Simplified Linkage Between Earth Pressures and Shear Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, the earth pressures and sand strains measured simultaneously were only compared qualitatively, causing the results to not be directly usable in design. , Haigh et al (2013) and proposed design methods for flexible retaining walls in clay, with wall deflections being the superposition of a series of rigid and hinged wall movement modes. In order to adapt these methods to walls in sand, linkages between wall displacements, soil strains and earth pressures are needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sand deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised with passive rigid retaining wall movements

Deng

Haigh

2024

Géotechnique

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A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to explore the deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised in loose and dense sand for a complete set of passive movement modes of a rigid retaining wall: rotation about the top and base and translation. Sand deformations were measured by particle image velocimetry and earth pressures were observed by a Tekscan pressure mapping system. Simplified linkages between wall displacements, sand strains and earth pressures were built. Superposition of such results would allow designers to predict retaining wall behaviour in sand during the construction sequence as well as ultimate collapse in a mobilisable strength design procedure.

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Section: Simplified Linkage Between Earth Pressures and Shear Strainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised with passive rigid retaining wall movements

Deng

Haigh

2024

Géotechnique

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“…To overcome the shortcomings of the analyses of Diakoumi and Powrie (2013), as discussed in Haigh et al (2013), the wall deformation was calculated by the superposition of a series of hinging mechanisms in which the top and bottom of the retaining wall are pinned, with the wall deflecting as two straight segments connected by a hinge between them. As can be seen from Figure 3, the superposition of a number of these hinging mechanisms together with a rigid wall rotation about the base and a rigid wall translation can allow a complete set of displacement profiles to be evaluated for both simple cantilever walls and those with multiple rigid or flexible props.…”

Section: Assumed Deformation Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diakoumi and Powrie (2013) presented a technique for carrying out mobilisable strength design for flexible retaining walls, in which the soil strain was calculated based on the superposition of the mechanisms proposed by Bolton and Powrie (1988) for rotation of each of a series of wall segments. However, the superposition of the four mechanisms utilised and shown in Figure 2 would imply a discontinuous wall shape with the wall shearing instead of bending at each hinge (Haigh et al, 2013). Nevertheless, the analysis provides a useful starting point in working towards a mobilisable strength design procedure for flexible retaining walls that allows equilibrium to be maintained without dictating the deflected shape of the wall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comparisons of the lateral wall displacements measured and calculated by MMSD and MSD (adapted fromWang et al (2018)) Superposition of the displaced wall shapes assumed byDiakoumi and Powrie (2013) Superposition of the wall deformed shapes(Haigh et al 2013) Compatible mechanism for a frictionless rigid wall rotating about the base(Bolton & Powrie, 1988) Admissible strain field for a hinged wall (Haigh et al 2013) Compatible mechanism for a frictionless rigid wall translation(Bolton & Powrie, 1988) Diagram of the calculation procedure in the numerical codeFigure 8. Dublin Port Tunnel (a) excavation layout; (b) comparison of observed and predicted deflections; (c) earth pressures predicted by the modelFigure 9.…”

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A design method for flexible retaining walls in clay

Deng

Haigh

et al. 2021

Géotechnique

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Design of retaining walls in clay is typically based on ultimate limit state calculations to prevent collapse with arbitrary factors of safety used to limit deformations. These factors of safety do not take into account the different rates of strength mobilisation in the wide variety of clays found worldwide. As there is substantial uncertainty in this approach, conventional design tends to lead to excessive conservatism with associated high cost. The novel analysis procedure based on the fraction of the strength of soil mobilised for a given wall displacement developed here allows rapid assessment of wall deformations and stresses via a simple two-parameter constitutive model which can be easily calibrated using conventional triaxial data. The model is validated based on field and model case histories with a variety of different clays and propping conditions and is shown to exhibit good performance in predicting the behaviour of published case histories based on soil parameters extracted from previously published soil test data. This novel analysis provides for the first time a route for practising engineers to carry out fast, efficient design at early stages of the design process by considering many potential wall geometries without the computational overhead of complex finite element or finite difference numerical models. KEYWORDS retaining walls; design; clays text Click here to access/download;Main text;A Design Method for Flexible Retaining Walls in Clay_v9.docx

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Centrifuge modelling of supported excavations using an improved in-flight excavation tool

Ma,

Cao,

Zhang

et al. 2024

International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics

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A modified tool for simulating the entire process of supported excavation in centrifuge modelling was developed based on a Cambridge type of excavating system. Utilizing the modified tool, a series of centrifuge tests of braced excavations in sand and clay soils were performed to investigate the impacts of staged excavation on the characteristics of retaining wall displacement and ground settlement. The experimental results show that before the struts were installed, the movement of the retaining wall follows a cantilever movement pattern, in which wall rotates about a fixed point near the toe and the maximum wall deflection occurs at the wall crest. For the strut installation process of a multi-strutted excavation, the wall deformation pattern changes to a concave profile. The maximum wall displacement in a multi-strutted excavation in sand is located slightly above the bottom of the excavation; while it is slightly below the bottom of the excavation in clay. The differences between the deformation pattern for multi-strutted excavations in sand and clay are clarified using the profiles of the ground settlement versus distance from the wall. The ground settlement follows a spandrel profile for excavation in sand; while for clay, the ground settlement follows a concave profile. The results from this study can provide useful references for predictions of excavation-induced deformations and understanding the associated deformation mechanisms.

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DISCUSSION: Mobilisable strength design for flexible embedded retaining walls

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Sand deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised with passive rigid retaining wall movements

Sand deformation mechanisms and earth pressures mobilised with passive rigid retaining wall movements

A design method for flexible retaining walls in clay

Centrifuge modelling of supported excavations using an improved in-flight excavation tool

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