Discrimination of young and mature leaves of Melicope ptelefolia using 1H NMR and multivariate data analysis

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe 'Ulam', a traditional Malay dish, are plants that can be eaten raw, as a form of local salad. The shoots and young leaves of Melicope ptelefolia are among the popular species, believed to be high in nutritional and medicinal values. The metabolomic fingerprinting analysis of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of M. ptelefolia was carried out using 1 H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis in order to differentiate young and mature leaves and to evaluate the variation of their chemical composition. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the 1 H NMR spectra showed a clear discrimination between the young and mature leaves extracts by PC3 and PC4. The compounds responsible for the differentiation were identified by comparison of 1 H NMR chemical shifts and qualitative HPLC. The young leaves were found to be richer in fatty acids and the levels of the three marker compounds, p-Ogeranylcoumaric acid, 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranylacetophenone and 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-prenylacetophenone, were clearly higher. The mature leaves contain higher levels of sugars and glycosidic components.

Phytochemical and biological features of Phyllanthus niruri and Phyllanthus urinaria harvested at different growth stages revealed by 1 H NMR-based metabolomics

“…Table 1 lists the detected compounds, which include amino acids and organic acids. The carbohydrate regions (ı 3.0-5.5) typically contained overlapped signals, which complicate metabolite identification (Shuib et al, 2011). However, the anomeric proton of sucrose, ␣-glucose and ␤-glucose were observed at ı 5.41 (d, J = 3.5 Hz), ı 5.19 (d, J = 3.5 Hz) and ı 4.59 (d, J = 8.0 Hz), respectively (Table 1).…”

“…Metabolomics is defined as the quantitative and qualitative analyses of all of the metabolites in an organism subjected to different factors (Maulidiani et al, 2013(Maulidiani et al, , 2012Mediani et al, 2012b;Shuib et al, 2011;Torras-Claveria et al, 2014). Numerous advanced tools have been used in metabolomics for the high throughput analysis of targeted and untargeted metabolites (Choi et al, 2004).…”

LC-HRMS Based Non-Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Wheat (<I>Triticum aestivum</I> L.) under Post-Anthesis Drought Stress

“…The IS was an isotopically labeled wheat leaf that had been grown in an atmosphere of 13 C labeled carbon dioxide resulting in a uniform and universal labeling of approximately 97% (IROA Technologies) [24]. Next, 500 µl of methanol/10mM aqueous ammonium acetate (50:50) was added to the dried powder and vortexed for 1 min at room temperature.…”

“…Under water-stress, plants produce an array of biomolecules including different metabolites [11]. Plants can modify their physiology to acclimate to abiotic conditions through metabolic changes [12] [13]. Changes in the metabolic level in an organism are likely correlated with the phenotype, as metabolites are the end-products of biological systems [14].…”

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, COLOUR AND MINERAL CONTENT OF HERBAL TEA PREPARED FROM Cosmos caudatus LEAVES AT DIFFERENT MATURITY STAGES

“…The ROS will be chelated and disengaged by the antioxidant in young leaves from participating in the initiation of oxidative stress [17] where the ROS will be converted to a more stable products and the radical chain reaction will be terminated [21]. Therefore, this will provide protection of plant tissues against pests and disease [22].…”