Discrimination of the Essential Oils Obtained from Four Apiaceae Species Using Multivariate Analysis Based on the Chemical Compositions and Their Biological Activity

Abstract

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of four Apiaceae species, namely Elaeosticta allioides (EA), E. polycarpa (EP), Ferula clematidifolia (FC), and Hyalolaena intermedia (HI), were determined using gas chromatography. Altogether, 100 volatile metabolites representing 78.97, 81.03, 85.78, and 84.49% of the total components present in EA, EP, FC, and HI oils, respectively, were reported. allo-Ocimene (14.55%) was the major component in FC, followed by D-limonene (9.42%). However, in EA, germacrene D (16.09%) was present in a high amount, while heptanal (36.89%) was the predominant compound in HI. The gas chromatographic data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) to explore the correlations between these species. Fortunately, the PCA score plot could differentiate between the species and correlate Ferula to Elaeosticta species. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and the ferric reducing power (FRAP) assays. In addition, the antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method was assessed, and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined. Furthermore, the cell viability MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the essential oils against hepatic (HepG-2) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cell lines. In the DPPH assay, FC exhibited the maximum activity against all the antioxidant assays with IC50 values of 19.8 and 23.0 μg/mL for the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Ferula showed superior antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities as well. Finally, a partial least square regression model was constructed to predict the antioxidant capacity by utilizing the metabolite profiling data. The model showed excellent predictive ability by applying the ABTS assay.

Inhibition of Perilla frutescens Essential Oil on Pellicle Formation of Candida tropicalis and Pichia kluyveri and Its Effect on Volatile Compounds in Sichuan Pickles

“…Studies reported that α-thujone is a monoterpenoid isolated from the essential oil of Ajania 12ruticulose and has effective antitumor activities [ 39 , 40 ]. Additionally, hexanal and heptanal are found naturally in Perilla , California lemon, and rose, which can improve the fermented food quality by endowing its fragrance and fruity notes, and a long-lingering nut-like taste [ 41 , 42 ]. Terpineol and linalool are alcohols and these alcohols not only give Sichuan pickles a soft flavor, but also cooperate or react with phenylacetic acid, phenyl acetate, phenyl ethanol, and other substances generated by lactic acid bacteria and the metabolism of amino acids, therefore, presenting a more pleasant flavor or generating more complex flavor substances [ 1 ].…”

Comparative analysis of volatile profiles and antimicrobial activities of freeze-dried and oven-dried pomegranate seeds: implications for waste valorization in a circular economy

“…Their mechanism of action is predicated on the destruction of organelles, consequent to diffusion across the membrane. This leads to morphological changes and, owing to the disruption of the respiratory chain, results in bacterial death [36].…”

A multi-omics study of the anti-cancer effect of a ferulic acid derivative FA-30

“…[5][6][7][8] Recently, scientists discovered that Ferula species also showed anti-cervical cancer effects. 7,9,10 As the representative ingredient, ferulic acid (FA), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid, is a polyphenolic compound with an acrylic acid group on the benzene ring. 11 Modern pharmacological studies show that FA has effects such as antioxidant, 12 antithrombotic, 13 anti-cancer, 14 and so on.…”