Discrimination of premalignant conditions of oral cancer using Raman spectroscopy of urinary metabolites

Abstract

Oral cancers are considered to be one of the most commonly occurring malignancy worldwide. Over 70% of the cases report to the doctor only in advanced stages of the disease, resulting in poor survival rates. Hence it is necessary to detect the disease at the earliest which may increase the five year survival rate up to 90%. Among various optical spectroscopic techniques, Raman spectroscopy has been emerged as a tool in identifying several diseased conditions, including oral cancers. Around 30 -80% of the malignancies of the oral cavity arise from premalignant lesions. Hence, understanding the molecular/spectral differences at the premalignant stage may help in identifying the cancer at the earliest and increase patient's survival rate. Among various bio-fluids such as blood, urine and saliva, urine is considered as one of the diagnostically potential bio-fluids, as it has many metabolites. The distribution and the physiochemical properties of the urinary metabolites may vary due to the changes associated with the pathologic conditions. The present study is aimed to characterize the urine of 70 healthy subjects and 51 pre-malignant patients using Raman spectroscopy under 785nm excitation, to know the molecular/spectral differences between healthy subjects and premalignant conditions of oral malignancy. Principal component analysis based Linear discriminant analysis were also made to find the statistical significance and the present technique yields the sensitivity and specificity of 86.3% and 92.9% with an overall accuracy of 90.9% in the discrimination of premalignant conditions from healthy subjects urine.

Optical characterization of riboflavin as a potential biomarker in the diagnosis of cervical cancer

“…To further quantify, the fluorescence spectral were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) based linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The statistical methods have been discussed in our earlier report 7,10 . Table 1 shows the results of the statistical analysis.…”

Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis of Uric Acid and Hypoxanthine Analysis in Fractionated Bodily Fluids

“…Next-generation analytical methods may rely on SERS of filtrated samples to deliver patient’s health information crucial for clinical decision-making and indicate the presence of numerous pathologies sufficiently early to improve patient prognosis [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ]. A SERS method to increase the sensitivity to small and low-concentrated molecules in biofluids may help screening of a variety of diseases and organ impairments/failures [ 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”