Discrimination between normal and cancer white blood cells using holographic projection technique

Abstract

White blood cells (WBCs) play a vital role in the diagnosis of many blood diseases. Such diagnosis is based on the morphological analysis of blood microscopic images which is performed manually by skilled hematologist. However, this method has many drawbacks, such as the dependence on the hematologist’s skill, slow performance, and varying accuracy. Therefore, in the current study, a new optical method for discrimination between normal and cancer WBCs of peripheral blood film (PBF) images is presented. This method is based on holographic projection technique which is able to provide an accurate and fast optical reconstruction method of WBCs floating in the air. Besides, it can provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters from only a single 2D hologram. To achieve that, at first, WBCs are accurately segmented from the microscopic PBF images using a developed in-house MATLAB code. Then, their associated phase computer-generated holograms (CGHs) are calculated using the well-known iterative Fourier transform algorithm (IFTA). Within the utilized algorithm, a speckle noise reduction technique, based on temporal multiplexing of spatial frequencies, is applied to minimize the speckle noise across the reconstruction plane. Additionally, a special hologram modulation is added to the calculated holograms to provide a 3D visualization map of one WBC, and discriminate normal and cancer WBCs. Finally, the calculated phase-holograms are uploaded on a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) for optical reconstruction. The optical reconstruction of such phase-holograms yields precise representation of normal and cancer WBCs. Moreover, a 3D visualization map of one WBC with its characterization parameters is provided. Therefore, the proposed technique can be used as a valuable tool for interpretation and analysis of WBCs, this in turn could provide an improvement in diagnosis and prognosis of blood diseases.

Improving the phase modulation of spatial light modulator using Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

“…3 SLMs have been used in various applications such as beam shaping, 4 spatial frequency domain imaging, 5,6 quantitative phase imaging, 7, 8 optical metrology, 9 3D holographic display, 10,11 and holographic projection. [12][13][14][15] SLM should be calibrated for different wavelengths to avoid the non-linear mapping of voltage (gray levels) into phase values. The previously proposed calibration methods assumed that the SLM has a spatial uniform phase.…”

Investigation of an Improved Angular Spectrum Method Based on Holography

“…SLM digital holography can be used to realize photorealistic three-dimensional images [17], providing a more realistic and immersive experience by generating visual 3D images in light field, large-size three-dimensional video via electronic holography using multiple spatial light modulators [18]. In biomedicine, this technique can be used to visualize anatomical structures, pathological changes, and biological processes [19].…”