Discrimination and Conditioning during Sleep as Indicated by the Electroencephalogram

Beh, Helen C.; Barratt, P. E. H.

doi:10.1126/science.147.3664.1470

Cited by 50 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…For one thing, our data show an altered distribution of firing rates which could throw off any simple read-out by higher cortical areas such as association areas or frontal cortex (if read-out mechanisms are even online during sleep). Assuming A1 and LB play a role in perception during sleep, our data suggest that information carried by mean activity levels or temporal response patterns may reflect the neural basis for subconscious detection or discrimination of sounds during sleep in humans (Bonnet, 1982; Oswald et al, 1960; Beh and Barrat, 1965; Langford et al, 1974; McDonald et al, 1975; Voss and Harsh, 1998) and animals (Halperin and Iorio, 1981; Siegel and Langley, 1965; Van Twyver and Garrett, 1972; Maho and Hennevin, 1999). The findings reported here stand in contrast to original theories that assumed that the brain shuts off to the external world during sleep (Steriade et al, 2003a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sensory Responses during Sleep in Primate Primary and Secondary Auditory Cortex

Issa¹,

Wang²

2008

J. Neurosci.

113

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Most sensory stimuli do not reach conscious perception during sleep. It has been thought that the thalamus prevents the relay of sensory information to cortex during sleep, but the consequences for cortical responses to sensory signals in this physiological state remain unclear. We recorded from two auditory cortical areas downstream of the thalamus in naturally sleeping marmoset monkeys. Single neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) either increased or decreased their responses during sleep compared to wakefulness. In lateral belt (LB), a secondary auditory cortical area, the response modulation was also bidirectional and showed no clear systematic depressive effect of sleep. When averaged across neurons, sound-evoked activity in these two auditory cortical areas was surprisingly well-preserved during sleep. Neural responses to acoustic stimulation were present during both slow-wave (SWS) and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, were repeatedly observed over multiple sleep cycles, and demonstrated similar discharge patterns to the responses recorded during wakefulness in the same neuron. Our results suggest that the thalamus is not as effective a gate for the flow of sensory information as previously thought. At the cortical stage, a novel pattern of activation/deactivation appears across neurons. Since the neural signal reaches as far as secondary auditory cortex, this leaves open the possibility of altered sensory processing of auditory information during sleep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Sensory Responses during Sleep in Primate Primary and Secondary Auditory Cortex

Issa¹,

Wang²

2008

J. Neurosci.

113

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“…However, well-controlled studies showing the formation of new mnesic traces during sleep remain scarce 2–8 and coexist with numerous null results 9–11 . This paucity of positive results contrasts with the vast literature linking sleep to the consolidation of pre-existing memories 12–15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and suppression of acoustic memories during human sleep

et al. 2017

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Sleep and memory are deeply related, but the nature of the neuroplastic processes induced by sleep remains unclear. Here, we report that memory traces can be both formed or suppressed during sleep, depending on sleep phase. We played samples of acoustic noise to sleeping human listeners. Repeated exposure to a novel noise during Rapid Eye Movements (REM) or light non-REM (NREM) sleep leads to improvements in behavioral performance upon awakening. Strikingly, the same exposure during deep NREM sleep leads to impaired performance upon awakening. Electroencephalographic markers of learning extracted during sleep confirm a dissociation between sleep facilitating memory formation (light NREM and REM sleep) and sleep suppressing learning (deep NREM sleep). We can trace these neural changes back to transient sleep events, such as spindles for memory facilitation and slow waves for suppression. Thus, highly selective memory processes are active during human sleep, with intertwined episodes of facilitative and suppressive plasticity.

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“…In some experiments, subjects were sleep deprived anywhere from a few hours to 36 hr prior to the experiment, greatly limiting the generalizability of the data to normal nocturnal sleep (Evans et al, 1970;Oswald, Taylor, & %isman, 1960a, 1%0b). Other researchers have administered hypnotic drugs to their subjects, artificially blocking arousal during sleep (Beh & Barratt, 1965;Evans et al, 1970;Oswald et al, 1960b). Still other studies have tested subjects during periods other than nocturnal sleep (i.e., during daytime naps), thus introducing circadian rhythm considerations (Nielsen-Bohlman et al, 1991).…”

Section: Methodological Issues and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In an important demonstration of new learning during sleep, electric shock at a level just below that required to produce awakening was administered as an unconditioned stimulus. It was found that stimulus tone-EEG response associations acquired during sleep transferred to the waking state (Beh & Barratt, 1965).…”

Section: Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%