Discriminating transplanted and direct seeded rice using Sentinel-1 intensity data

Abstract

A B S T R A C TImproved rice crop and water management practices that make the sustainable use of resources more efficient are important interventions towards a more food secure future. A remote sensing-based detection of different rice crop management practices, such as crop establishment method (transplanting or direct seeding), can provide timely and cost-effective information on which practices are used as well as their spread and change over time as different management practices are adopted. Establishment method cannot be easily observed since it is a rapid event, but it can be inferred from resulting observable differences in land surface characteristics (i.e. field condition) and crop development (i.e. delayed or prolonged stages) that take place over a longer time. To examine this, we used temporal information from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) backscatter to detect differences in field condition and rice growth, then related those to crop establishment practices in Nueva Ecija (Philippines). Specifically, multi-temporal, dual-polarised, C-band backscatter data at 20m spatial resolution was acquired from Sentinel-1A every 12 days over the study area during the dry season, from November 2016 to May 2017. Farmer surveys and field observations were conducted in four selected municipalities across the study area in 2017, providing information on field boundaries and crop management practices for 61 fields. Mean backscatter values were generated per rice field per SAR acquisition date. We matched the SAR acquisition dates with the reported dates for land management activities and with the estimated dates for when the crop growth stages occurred. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify significant differences in backscatter between the two practices during the land management activities and crop growth stages. Significant differences in cross-polarised, co-polarised and band ratio backscatter values were observed in the early growing season, specifically during land preparation, crop establishment, rice tillering and stem elongation. These findings indicate the possibility to discriminate crop establishment methods by SAR at those stages, suggesting that there is more opportunity for discrimination than has been presented in previous studies. Further testing in a wider range of environments, seasons, and management practices should be done to determine how reliably rice establishment methods can be detected. The increased use of dry and wet direct seeding has implications for many remote sensing-based rice detection methods that rely on a strong water signal (typical of transplanting) during the early season. different management approaches to create favourable rice-growing https://doi.

Separability of Transplanted and Direct Seeded Rice Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-1a Data

“…In contrast to the findings by Fikriyah et al (2019), our results show that dB is higher in WDS than in TP. A possible reason could be the presence of water in puddled field, and the evenly spaced seedlings at transplanting resulting to wider gaps between young seedlings, and fewer volume and double-bounce scattering interactions.…”

“…The mean backscatter values were then grouped based on the reported crop establishment method. In this study the method developed by Fikriyah et al (2019) to discriminate between TP and DS rice fields was adopted and modified by incorporating additional backscatter observations extracted from the acquisitions before and after crop establishment to explore additional potential differences between TP and WDS. The temporal mean backscatter of the TP and WDS rice fields were analysed together with the field data.…”

“…Hence, proper management is important to avoid these factors which limit and reduce the yield in direct seeded rice. While many studies using SAR have been conducted to accurately map and monitor rice areas, very few attempts have been made to further classify rice areas by crop establishment method (Gumma et al, 2015;Yang et al, 2014;Yang et al, 2017;Fikriyah et al, 2019). Both studies by Gumma et al (2015) and Yang et al (2014) found that TP and DS rice have different backscatter responses during crop establishment.…”

“…Both are C-band SAR data. The recent study of Fikriyah et al (2019) used S-1A VH-, VV-polarized, and VV/VH band ratio to discriminate TP and WDS rice in Nueva Ecija, Philippines by looking at the statistical differences in backscattering between land management conditions at different crop growth stages. The study took advantage of the higher temporal resolution of S-1A data with 12 days acquisition interval to analyse the temporal backscatter of rice throughout the growing season.…”

“…This study adapted the method developed by Fikriyah et al (2019) and further investigated the separability of TP and WDS rice by incorporating additional temporal feature descriptors before and after crop establishment. We then compared our findings with their results to assess the reliability and consistency of the method.…”