Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

Kozima, Hideo

doi:10.1016/b978-008045110-7/50002-2

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The almost all experimental data obtained in the CF materials, having a huge variety shown in Table 1 have consistently been explained by the phenomenological approach using the TNCF model as shown in our books [13,14].…”

Section: Summary Of the Cold Fusion Phenomenonsupporting

confidence: 61%

“…We tabulated some characteristics of the CFP in Table 1. In the table, the CF materials are divided into host solids (in the row 1) and agents (in the row 2) to indicate clearly possible opponents of the reaction with the "trapped neutrons" assumed in out TNCF model [13,14]. It is interesting to see the ubiquitous appearance of the CFP in various CF materials as shown in the row 1 (host solids) of Table 1.…”

Section: Summary Of the Cold Fusion Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have proposed a phenomenological approach using the TNCF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) model [15] and developed it further until 2006 ( [13,14], Appendices A2 and A3 in [16]).…”

Section: Phenomenological Approach and Its Foundationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unified Explanation of the CFP by the Phenomenological Theory using the TNCF model is given by us in which the gamma in Eqs. (3), ( 4) and (5) in free space should be read as φ's (phonons excited by the reaction in contact with trapped neutrons) as explained below [13,14,15,19,20].…”

Section: Nuclear Reactions In Free Space and In The Cf Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neutrons in a neutron energy band in perfect superlattice do not interact neither with a lattice nucleus nor with a proton/deuteron but do interact with specific nuclei at disordered site in the CF material. The most popular disordered lattice nuclei exist at boundaries of the CF material which result in nuclear transmutations observed very often there in CF experiments [13,14,21].…”

Section: Relations Between the Observed Number Of Observables In The ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdD x alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i.e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiH x , AuH x ) and deuterides (e.g. PdD x , TiD x ), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HC x ) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new particles from neutron, triton, and new nuclei with proton numbers Z up to 83 accompanying enormous excess energy. In addition to these events, there occurs the stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, which is especially interesting to apply it to treat hazardous nuclear waste produced by the nuclear power plant. Finally, we give an overview of the CFP in relation to the solid state-nuclear physics and the solid state-nuclear chemistry where the nuclear-force interaction may play important roles to explain the riddles found but not given appropriate explanations in these old sciences hitherto.

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Section: Summary Of the Cold Fusion Phenomenonsupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Summary Of the Cold Fusion Phenomenonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have proposed a phenomenological approach using the TNCF (trapped neutron catalyzed fusion) model [15] and developed it further until 2006 ( [13,14], Appendices A2 and A3 in [16]).…”

Section: Phenomenological Approach and Its Foundationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nuclear Reactions In Free Space and In The Cf Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relations Between the Observed Number Of Observables In The ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Kozima¹

2021

IJHEP

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Cf-Matter and the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

Kozima¹

2005

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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Cold Fusion Phenomenon and Solid State Nuclear Physics

Kozima¹

2006

Condensed Matter Nuclear Science

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The cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) is investigated in the wider perspective of modern physics including the physics of transition-metal hydrides, nuclear physics, and the science of complexity using quantum mechanics. The characteristics of CFP including the stability effect in nuclear transmutation and the inverse power law of excess power generation are consistently explained using concepts of the cf-matter presented at ICCF10 by the present author.

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Discovery of the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

The Cold Fusion Phenomenon – Nuclear Reactions in the CF Materials at Around Room Temperature

Cf-Matter and the Cold Fusion Phenomenon

Cold Fusion Phenomenon and Solid State Nuclear Physics

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