Discovery of genes affecting resistance of barley to adapted and non-adapted powdery mildew fungi

Abstract

Background: Non-host resistance, NHR, to non-adapted pathogens and quantitative host resistance, QR, confer durable protection to plants and are important for securing yield in a longer perspective. However, a more targeted exploitation of the trait usually possessing a complex mode of inheritance by many quantitative trait loci, QTLs, will require a better understanding of the most important genes and alleles.

Identification of Genes in a Partially Resistant Genotype of Avena sativa Expressed in Response to Puccinia coronata Infection

“…An ortholog to this gene has been identified in an SSH library in barley following leaf rust infection in a non-host interaction setting (Neu et al, 2003 ). Taking into account the close relationship between non-host resistance and PAMP-triggered immunity (Niks and Marcel, 2009 ; Zellerhoff et al, 2010 ; Douchkov et al, 2014 ), these observations suggest that homologs to this gene play a role in basal resistance mechanisms against fungi in different cereal species including oats. Two other interesting sequences were: one similar to brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated kinase 1 ( BAK1 ) which functions as a signal enhancer of PAMP perception in Arabidopsis plants (Böhm et al, 2014 ), and a sequence similar to the chitin elicitor receptor kinase ( CERK1 ) which recognizes chitin oligosaccharides and cooperates with other chitin-receptors to trigger the chitin response in a wide range of Arabidopsis and rice cells (Liu et al, 2013 ).…”

“…PAMPs are highly conserved molecules that are indispensable to the pathogen. PTI, which frequently involves ion fluxes, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), protein phosphorylation and callose deposition soon after PAMPs are recognized at the cell surface by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), limits the growth of non-host pathogens as well as the disease caused by adapted pathogens (Douchkov et al, 2014 ). However, resistance can be overcome by adapted pathogens capable of delivering virulence-enhancing effector molecules into the host.…”

Pushing the boundaries of resistance: insights from Brachypodium-rust interactions

“…Our present understanding of the mechanisms underlying NHR is much less extensive than the accumulated body of knowledge that conveys the molecular basis of host resistance. Recent evidence suggests that components mediating host resistance are likely important determinant factors in NHR, and thus both types of resistance may share some of the same inducible responses ( Huitema et al, 2003 ; Mysore and Ryu, 2004 ; Douchkov et al, 2014 ; Lee et al, 2014 ). Consequently, the distinction between host and NHR may not truly reflect mechanistic differences among the two types of resistance, as both phenomena may exploit the same means of pathogen perception and defense.…”

Over-Expression of Rice CBS Domain Containing Protein, OsCBSX3, Confers Rice Resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae Inoculation

“…As sessile organisms, plants are continuously encountered by attacks of different potentially pathogentic microbes, and have developed defense systems to cope with these pathogens. Data from transcriptomics and proteomics studies show that a great many genes or proteins are involved in the response of plants to pathogen attack [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Although a zigzag concept model including pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which extensively share signaling machinery, have been established [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], the majority of the components and their precise role in plant inducible immunity remain uninvestigated.…”