“…The approximately 800,000 km 2 area and strategically located nation is one of Europe and Middle East's largest countries, thus making Turkey one of the most important travel destinations in the world (Göymen, 2000;Yolal, 2016). However, the modern world tourism market is known to be largely affected by many factors (Dilek & Fennell, 2018;Tohmo, 2018). Some of these factors are characterized by shocks (uncertainty) that target the tourism sector and other economic activities that directly affects consumer decisions, such as changes in disposable income, advertising campaigns, and unexpected factors, such as terrorist attacks (Balli, Shahzad, & Uddin, 2018;Gozgor & Ongan, 2017;Ongan & Gozgor, 2018;Wu & Wu, 2019).…”