Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span                     Comparison

Green, Leonard; Fry, Astrid F.; Myerson, Joel

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x

Cited by 1,036 publications

(930 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, TD has been found to be associated with these individual characteristics by many others. First, age effects on TD have been found consistently in both real and hypothetical monetary TD tasks (Green et al, 1994;Olson et al, 2007;Scheres et al, 2006;Steinberg et al, 2009). However, Reynolds (2006) suggests that real TD tasks may be better suited for use with children because the choices are less abstract compared to hypothetical TD tasks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…TD is a natural phenomenon that can be observed in both humans and animals (Green & Myerson, 2004). TD is affected by a range of characteristics of individuals, such as IQ (de Wit, Flory, Acheson, McCloskey, & Manuck, 2007;Olson, Hooper, Collins, & Luciana, 2007) and age (Green, Fry, & Myerson, 1994;Scheres et al, 2006). It appears altered in a number of mental health conditions (Ahn et al, 2011;Bickel & Marsch, 2001;Reynolds, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Domain-general and domain-specific aspects of temporal discounting in children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A proof of concept study

Demurie

Roeyers

Baeyens

et al. 2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

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It has been shown that delayed consumable rewards are discounted to a higher degree than money, which has been referred to as the "domain effect". Until now the effects of reward type on temporal discounting (TD) have mainly been studied in adults. Although there is evidence that children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to show steeper TD of money than typically developing peers or children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), it remains untested whether the domain effect is also seen in children with ADHD and ASD. To explore this we compared TD of children (8-16y) with ADHD, ASD and typically developing controls with five different reward types. Seventy-two participants with ADHD, 69 with ASD and 130 controls performed two hypothetical TD-tasks: a monetary TDtask and a TD-task with one of four alternative rewards (material rewards, rewarding activities, food, social rewards). TD was seen for all reward types, but the rate of discounting was steeper for food, praise and rewarding activities compared to money, and for food and praise compared to material rewards. For the ADHD and control groups, but not the ASD group, money and material rewards were equally highly discounted. High correlations between TD of money and of activities, food and material rewards were found. In conclusion, a domain effect was observed in typically developing children, as well as in children with ADHD or ASD, although the pattern was somewhat different for ASD children. Despite this domain effect, there is also evidence for a domain-general aspect in TD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Domain-general and domain-specific aspects of temporal discounting in children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A proof of concept study

Demurie

Roeyers

Baeyens

et al. 2013

Research in Developmental Disabilities

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…2002) and the ability and/or willingness to tolerate delay to rewards grows exponentially (Bjork et al, 2004;Green et al, 1994Green et al, , 1996. This could mean that DAv becomes more difficult to index as individuals grow.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion.

et al. 2009

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Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) choose smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards more than controls. Here we assess the contributions of impulsive drive for immediate rewards (IDIR) and delay aversion (DAv) to this pattern. We also explore the characteristics of, and the degree of familiality in, ADHD SS responders. We had 360 ADHD probands; 349 siblings and 112 controls (aged between 6 to 17 years) chose between SS (1 point after 2 s) and LL reward (2 points after 30 s) outcomes on the Maudsley Index of Delay Aversion (Kuntsi, Oosterlaan, Stevenson, 2001): Under one condition SS choice led to less overall trial delay under another it did not. ADHD participants chose SS more than controls under both conditions. This effect was larger when SS choice reduced trial delay. ADHD SS responders were younger, had lower IQ, more conduct disorder and had siblings who were more likely to be SS responders themselves. The results support a dual component model in which both IDIR and DAv contribute to SS choice in ADHD. SS choice may be a marker of an ADHD motivational subtype. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved).

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“…A hyperbola-like discounting function in which the denominator of the hyperbola is raised to a power, s, has also been proposed (Green, Fry, & Myerson, 1994):…”

Section: Mathematical Descriptions Of Temporal Discountingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards.

Green¹,

Myerson²

2004

Psychological Bulletin

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1,431

1,337

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When choosing between delayed or uncertain outcomes, individuals discount the value of such outcomes on the basis of the expected time to or the likelihood of their occurrence. In an integrative review of the expanding experimental literature on discounting, the authors show that although the same form of hyperbola-like function describes discounting of both delayed and probabilistic outcomes, a variety of recent findings are inconsistent with a single-process account. The authors also review studies that compare discounting in different populations and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings. The present effort illustrates the value of studying choice involving both delayed and probabilistic outcomes within a general discounting framework that uses similar experimental procedures and a common analytical approach.Choice is relatively predictable when the alternatives differ on only one dimension. For example, if individuals are offered a choice between two rewards that differ only in amount, they generally choose the larger rather than the smaller reward. Similarly, if offered a choice between two rewards that differ only in delay, individuals tend to choose the reward available sooner rather than the one available later, and if offered a choice between two alternatives that differ only in probability, they tend to choose the more certain reward. These same general principles, and a complementary set of principles for negative outcomes (e.g., smaller punishments will be chosen over larger ones), apply both to humans and other animals. These behavioral tendencies obviously make both economic and evolutionary sense.Problems arise, however, when choice options differ on more than one dimension-for example, when an individual must choose between a smaller reward available sooner and a larger reward available later. It is also unclear, in general, which alternative an individual would (or should) select when choosing between a smaller, more certain reward and a larger, less certain one or between a less certain reward available sooner and a more certain, but more delayed, reward. These problems are only compounded when rewards differ on all three dimensions (i.e., amount, delay, and probability). The central issue is how individuals make trade-offs among their preferences on these dimensions (Keeney & Raiffa, 1993).This issue is not only of theoretical interest; it also has implications for everyday decision making, which often involves outcomes that differ on multiple dimensions. Examples of such decisions include deciding whether to purchase a less expensive item that can be enjoyed now or to save for a more expensive one; whether to choose a risky investment that potentially could pay off at a high rate or one that pays a low but guaranteed rate of return; and whether to buy

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Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison

Cited by 1,036 publications

References 12 publications

Domain-general and domain-specific aspects of temporal discounting in children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A proof of concept study

Domain-general and domain-specific aspects of temporal discounting in children with ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD): A proof of concept study

Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion.

A Discounting Framework for Choice With Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards.

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