he incidence of cutaneous melanoma has increased rapidly over the past 30 years. While melanoma only accounts for 1% of skin cancers, it is responsible for the majority of skin cancer deaths. 1 It is estimated that 76 380 new cases of invasive melanoma and 68 480 new cases of melanoma in situ will be diagnosed in 2016. 1 The lifetime risk of developing melanoma has reached 1 in 33 for men and 1 in 52 for women in 2016. 2 An estimated 10 130 Americans will die from melanoma in 2016. 2 Given the large burden of disease, there is substantial energy dedicated to melanoma research. While the most important recent advances in the treatment of melanoma have been in the management of advanced disease with targeted therapies and modulation of the immune system, this systematic review provides up-to-date data and high-level evidence to support the contemporary management of early-stage melanoma.
MethodsWe performed a review of the PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews databases using specific search strategies. Our primary search used the terms melanoma, melanoma in situ, lentigo maligna, and head and neck. We screened articles published between January 1, 2011, and May 1, 2016. Our ini-tial search of the 3 databases yielded 1202 articles. After excluding duplicates, there were 966 citations. We restricted articles to human data reported in the English language only, which excluded 252 articles. We focused our search on cutaneous melanoma, and thus articles on mucosal melanoma were excluded. We also focused our search on early-stage melanoma (melanoma in situ, stage I, and stage II), and thus articles only addressing advanced-stage melanomas were excluded. Additionally, we excluded opinion articles and commentaries. We selected only articles deemed to provide contemporary evidence and/or major advances in the diagnosis or treatment of early-stage melanoma of the head and neck. This yielded 41 articles, which were manually reviewed (Figure 1). A careful review of the bibliographies of selected articles generated additional references.
Results
Diagnosis
BiopsyThe first step in managing cutaneous melanoma is establishing an accurate histopathological diagnosis. An incisional biopsy removes a portion of a lesion, whereas an excisional biopsy removes the entire clinically apparent lesion. Techniques for incisional and exci-IMPORTANCE The incidence of melanoma is increasing, with 76 380 new cases of invasive melanoma and 68 480 new cases of melanoma in situ expected in 2016.OBJECTIVE To review the contemporary management of early-stage melanoma.