Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) DDR1 and DDR2 are receptor tyrosine kinases with the unique ability among receptor tyrosine kinases to respond to collagen. Several signaling molecules have been implicated in DDR signaling, including Shp-2, Src, and MAPK pathways, but a detailed understanding of these pathways and their transcriptional targets is still lacking. Similarly, the regulation of the expression of DDRs is poorly characterized with only a few inflammatory mediators, such as lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 identified as playing a role in DDR1 expression. DDRs have been reported to induce the expression of various genes including matrix metalloproteinases and bone morphogenetic proteins, but the regulatory mechanisms underlying DDR-induced gene expression remain to be determined. The aim of the present work was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms implicated in the expression of DDRs and to identify DDR-induced signaling pathways and target genes. Our data show that collagen I induces the expression of DDR1 in a dose-and time-dependent manner in primary human lung fibroblasts. Furthermore, activation of DDR2, JAK2, and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways was essential for collagen I-induced DDR1 and matrix metalloproteinase 10 expression. Finally, inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway abrogated DDR1 expression by blocking the recruitment of the transcription factor polyoma enhancer A-binding protein 3 to the DDR1 promoter. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of collagen I-induced DDR1 expression and demonstrate an important role for ERK1/2 activation and the recruitment of polyoma enhancer-A binding protein 3 to the DDR1 promoter.
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs)2 are non-integrin collagen receptors and constitute a unique subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases containing a discoidin homology region in their extracellular domain (1). There are two related DDRs: DDR1 and DDR2. DDR1 is mainly expressed in epithelial cells, particularly of the lung, kidney, mammary gland, and gastrointestinal tract, whereas DDR2 is primarily found in cells of mesenchymal origin, such as fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (1, 2). DDR1 is primarily activated by collagens I-IV and VIII, whereas DDR2 responds to collagen I and to a lesser extent to collagens II, III, and V but does not interact with collagen IV (3, 4). DDR2 has one isoform, whereas five DDR1 isoforms are generated by alternative splicing: DDR1a, b, c, d, and e. DDRs have been implicated in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and matrix-degrading enzymes and play an important role in processes such as migration, proliferation, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and wound repair (2, 5-7). Moreover, studies in vivo and in vitro have implicated DDRs in various fibrotic and fibroproliferative conditions such as cancer, atherosclerosis, inflammation, arthritis, and fibrosis of the kidney, liver, skin, and lung (1, 2, 8 -13).The wide range of processes regulated upon DDR stimulation suggests that DDRs may exert their effects via mult...