Discharge properties of Mg–Al–Mn–Ca and Mg–Al–Mn alloys as anode materials for primary magnesium–air batteries

Yuasa, Motohiro; Huang, Xinsheng; Suzuki, Ken; Mabuchi, Mamoru; Chino, Yasumasa

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.08.042

Cited by 146 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Furthermore, there are some cracks on the surface of AZ91 anodes in all solutions which allow an effective contact of magnesium matrix with electrolyte to ensure a continuous discharge of Mg-air batteries. 8,30 Therefore, the discharge performance of Mg-air battery is closely related to the crack density on the anode surface. It is clear that the crack density on the anode surface in solution A is lower than in other solutions.…”

Section: Different Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

Wang

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper reports on the improvement of discharge performances of magnesium-air batteries by adding sodium phosphate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate to sodium chloride aqueous solution. Four different electrolytes are tested. Results obtained show that the discharge potential and anode utilization of magnesium-air battery increase significantly with addition of the additives. With an electrolyte of 3.5 wt% sodium chloride+0.5 g · L −1 sodium phosphate, the discharge potential increases from 1.120 V to 1.150 V and the anode utilization increases from 44.1% to 49.1%. The self-corrosion rate of anode has a tendency to decrease with addition of the additives. In solution of 3.5 wt% sodium chloride+0.5 g · L −1 sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate +0.5g · L −1 sodium phosphate, the self-corrosion is low and the inhibition efficiency can reach 95.2%. Magnesium-air (Mg-air) battery plays an increasingly significant role in power source energy and storage devices.1,2 There are lots of advantages of Mg-air battery, such as high theoretical potential (3.09 V), high specific energy density (6.8 kWh · kg −1 ), neutral electrolyte, environmental friendliness, and low cost. 3-5Although Mg-air battery has a promising future, there are still some problems remarkably limiting its development and delaying its application in daily life. One of the major problems is anodic polarization during battery discharge. [6][7][8] As the total reaction of Mgair battery (Eq. 1) shows:The discharge product is magnesium hydroxide which has a tendency to attach to the surface of anode. It can reduce the reactionsurface area leading to a decrease of discharge potential when battery discharges in a constant-current mode. As we all know, the potential of Mg is −2.37 V (vs · SHE) and it can react spontaneously with aqueous solution according to the following equation:This wasteful self-corrosion leads to low utilization efficiency during discharge process. 9,10 There are numerous efforts to reduce selfcorrosion of magnesium, focusing either on how to improve anode behaviors [11][12][13] or how to optimize electrolyte composition. 14,15 Compared to studies for anode improvement, there are few studies aimed at electrolyte optimization. Furthermore, adding additives to the electrolyte is known to be a convenient and effective method. For example, the self-discharge capacity is significantly increased by adding water soluble graphene to NaCl solution.14 Jing et al. 15 found that when NaF and Na 3 PO 4 were used as additives to electrolyte Mg-MnO 2 cell demonstrated an excellent discharge performance. And sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) as a good organic inhibitor can work together with the Na 2 SiO 3 on the AZ31 magnesium alloy in 1% NaCl. 16Although electrolyte is one of the most crucial factors, additive research is few comparing the anode materials. Up to now, Mg-air batteries with Na 3 PO 4 and SDBS as additives have never been studied. It is known that sodium chloride aqueous solution (3.5% NaCl) is the most suitable electrolyte for Mg-air batt...

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Section: Different Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

Wang

et al. 2018

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Mg alloys bearing Ca element receive great attention as promising anode materials 34 because Ca is able to inhibit the self-corrosion of pure magnesium and improve the discharge capacity of AM60 alloy. 35,36 Furthermore, the Al 2 Ca phase could strongly refine and disperse the β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase (strong cathode) throughout the matrix of the as-extruded AZ91 anode (it is beneficial for uniform dissolution), and the similar Al-RE compounds (Al 2 Sm and Al 11 La 3 ) are able to increases the corrosion resistance. 37 The Mg-3 wt.% Al-based alloy (AZ31) as a desirable Mg-based anode is almost free of the β-Mg 17 Al 12 phase, which can precipitate as eutectics in the AZ91 alloys.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Al ₂ Ca and Al ₂ (Sm,Ca,La) particles in the microstructures and electrochemical discharge performance of as‐extruded Mg‐3wt.%Al‐1wt.%Zn‐based alloys for primary Mg‐air batteries

et al. 2019

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Summary In this work, the role of Al2Ca and Al2(Sm,Ca,La) particles in the microstructures and electrochemical discharge performance of the as‐extruded Mg‐3wt.%Al‐1wt.%Zn‐based alloys has been reported and discussed for the anode design of Mg‐air batteries. The Al2Ca and Al2(Sm,Ca,La) particles strongly refine the grains of the as‐extruded AZ31 alloy from 9.1 ± 4.1 μm down to 5.1 ± 3.3 μm. The Al2Ca and Al2(Sm,Ca,La) particles increase the outputting cell voltage and discharge capacity of the modified AZ31 alloy. The AZ31‐Ca alloy exhibits the highest discharge capacity and anodic efficiency of 1153 mAh/g and 52.5%, respectively, at 10 mA/cm2. The promoted discharge performance should be mainly attributed to the grain refinement (improving the corrosion resistance) and fine Al2Ca phase throughout the matrix (beneficial for uniform dissolution of Mg phase). Additional Al2(Sm,Ca,La) cubic particles further stimulate the anodic kinetics and aggravate the local dissolution of Mg phase near around, resulting in the deterioration of discharge performance.

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“…Commercially available batteries for transportation and grid storage stridently demand specific energies close to 1700 Wh kg −1 to be on a par with gasoline . Recently, metal–air batteries possessing high theoretical energy densities, such as aluminum–air batteries, zinc–air batteries, magnesium–air batteries, lithium–air batteries (LABs), iron–air battery, sodium–air batteries (SABs), and potassium–air batteries, have been deemed to be the most promising candidates for future energy storage systems. Among them, LABs have aroused extensive attention owing to their theoretical energy density as high as 11 680 Wh kg −1 (3548 Wh kg −1 including oxygen), which is almost equivalent to that of gasoline (13 000 Wh kg −1 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The performance of metal–air batteries usually relies on the electrochemical stability of the electrolytes . Based on the previous studies available on SABs, it was clear that optimizing the electrolyte composition was the key to high energy and stable SABs.…”

Section: Nonaqueous Na–air Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Na–Air Batteries

Yin

2016

ChemCatChem

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Sodium–air batteries (SABs) have attracted wide attention in the chemistry society owing to their high energy density, abundant precursor sources, inexpensive materials and reduced manufacture costs, and environmental benignity. This review summarizes the research and progress of the rechargeable SABs based on nonaqueous and aqueous electrolytes. The effects of gas atmosphere, environmental pressure, catalysts, and architectures of the electrodes on the distribution and morphology of discharge products in SABs are also included. The complex and rich sodium electrochemistry of air electrodes is presented, and many electrochemical reaction mechanisms based on the structure design of air electrodes with various catalysts and electrolytes are also summarized. They involve the reversible formation/decomposition reactions of NaO2, Na2O2, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, Na2C2O4, and NaOH. It is a great challenge to seek for highly efficient electrocatalysts, and more stable and less volatile electrolytes to improve the cyclability of nonaqueous SABs. Internal resistance of the cell could be efficiently improved by developing solid electrolytes with high ion conductivity and optimizing the structures of the cells for the high power density of aqueous SABs. How to effectively control the growth and decomposition of discharged products at three‐phase boundary reaction zones by the integration of highly stable electrolytes and optimization of air electrodes is the next challenge urgently needing to be addressed; only then can we realize practical high performance nonaqueous SABs for daily use.

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Discharge properties of Mg–Al–Mn–Ca and Mg–Al–Mn alloys as anode materials for primary magnesium–air batteries

Cited by 146 publications

References 30 publications

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

The role of Al ₂ Ca and Al ₂ (Sm,Ca,La) particles in the microstructures and electrochemical discharge performance of as‐extruded Mg‐3wt.%Al‐1wt.%Zn‐based alloys for primary Mg‐air batteries

The Potential of Na–Air Batteries

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Discharge properties of Mg–Al–Mn–Ca and Mg–Al–Mn alloys as anode materials for primary magnesium–air batteries

Cited by 146 publications

References 30 publications

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

Investigation of Sodium Phosphate and Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate as Electrolyte Additives for AZ91 Magnesium-Air Battery

The role of Al 2 Ca and Al 2 (Sm,Ca,La) particles in the microstructures and electrochemical discharge performance of as‐extruded Mg‐3wt.%Al‐1wt.%Zn‐based alloys for primary Mg‐air batteries

The Potential of Na–Air Batteries

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The role of Al ₂ Ca and Al ₂ (Sm,Ca,La) particles in the microstructures and electrochemical discharge performance of as‐extruded Mg‐3wt.%Al‐1wt.%Zn‐based alloys for primary Mg‐air batteries