Disasters and Large-Scale Population Dislocations: International and National Responses

Abstract

Large-scale displacement takes place in the context of disaster because the threat or occurrence of hazard onset makes the region of residence of a population uninhabitable, either temporarily or permanently. Contributing to that outcome, the wide array of disaster events is invariably complicated by human institutions and practices that can contribute to large-scale population displacements. Growing trends of socially driven exposure and vulnerability around the world as well as the global intensification and frequency of climate-related hazards have increased both the incidence and the likelihood of large-scale population dislocations in the near future. However, legally binding international and national accords and conventions have not yet been put in place to deal with the serious impacts, and material, health-related, and sociocultural losses and human rights violations that are experienced by the millions of people being swept up in the events and processes of disasters and mass population displacements. Effective policy development is challenged by the increasing complexity of disaster risk and occurrence as well as issues of causation, adequate information, lack of capacity, and legal responsibility. States, international organizations, state and international development and aid agencies must frame, define, and categorize appropriately disaster forced displacement and resettlement to influence effective institutional responses in emergency humanitarian assistance, transitional shelter and care, and durable solutions in managing migration and resettlement if return is not possible. The forms that disaster-associated forced displacements are projected to take and corresponding national responses are explored in the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 in Sri Lanka, a massive disaster in a nation riven by civil conflict; Hurricane Katrina of 2005 in the United States, where the scale and nature of displacement bore little relation to hazard intensity; and the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami, and nuclear exposure incident exemplifying the emerging trend of complex, concatenating, multihazard disasters that bring about large-scale population displacements.

Multi-objective interior design optimization method based on sustainability concepts for post-disaster temporary housing units

“…The total displaced population (DP) is expected to increase in the near future, owing to increases in both climate-related hazards and social vulnerability [1]. The DP needs somewhere to live while their permanent housing is being reconstructed, or until they find alternative permanent accommodations [2,3].…”

“…To answer this question, it should be noted that decision makers are forced to choose them based on the special conditions, potential, obstacles, and limitations of the affected area and populations. Therefore, to respond to the needs of the DP and to manage the aforementioned issues, there are two approaches: (1) finding alternatives that are more suitable to replace the THUs, and (2) decreasing the negative features of the THUs. However, when there are no other alternatives to THUs, to meet all Abbreviations: THU, Temporary housing unit; TH, Temporary housing; DP, Displaced population; W, Wall; K, Kitchen; B, Bathroom; L, Living room; E, Entrance; DMT, Decision-making tree; SI, Sustainability index; DCx, Decrease convexly; IS, Increase S-shape; DS, Decrease S-shape; IRR, Iranian Rial (Iranian currency); pts., Points; Ec., Economic; S., Social; En., Environmental.…”

“…Thus, the interior design problems of THUs could have a considerable impact on the three pillars of sustainability. In this regard, it is necessary to assess the interior design of THUs to increase the satisfaction of DPs in two areas: (1) to assist in reducing the psychological stress of DPs and to mollify their sufferings, and (2) to avoid the rejection of THUs by DPs, which increases the negative impacts of these units. In addition, it is also desired to decrease the economic and environmental impacts of THUs.…”

Analysis of the Natural Disasters in the Last Century and the People Who Were Consequently Displaced

“…People who get displaced due to natural disasters face similar difficulties with those who escape from conflict and violence. Many lose their homes, properties, and income, and their access to basic needs and services such as water, food, health, and education reduces, and they also face with interruption of social networks (5).…”

Geographies of Doing Nothing–Internal Displacement and Practices of Post-Disaster Recovery in Urban Areas of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

“…The framework provides many opportunities for DRR policy and practice at national and local level to reduce risk and address displacement in the context of disasters-and increasingly, climate change. Target B of the Sendai Framework aims to "substantially reduce the after the hurricane, discouraging many poor African American families from returning ( Oliver-Smith 2018).…”