Disassembly Planning and Assessment of Automation Potentials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cerdas, Felipe; Gerbers, Roman; Andrew, Stefan; Schmitt, Jan; Dietrich, Franz; Thiede, Sebastian; Dröder, Klaus; Herrmann, Christoph

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70572-9_5

Cited by 17 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…They concluded that some aspects are well suited for automation—for instance, dismantling of the modules and connections must be done manually, while the individual cells could be autonomously extracted using a prototype gripper system where the jaw contact plates can simultaneously monitor the cell state of health through its potential and internal resistance . Wegener et al manually disassembled an Audi Q5 battery pack to assess practical issues with automated disassembly . Some complexities include the various screw types inserted at different orientations and cables that are difficult to access.…”

Section: Disassembly Of Ev Battery Packsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…70 Wegener et al 66 manually disassembled an Audi Q5 battery pack to assess practical issues with automated disassembly. 71 Some complexities include the various screw types inserted at different orientations and cables that are difficult to access. They proposed a hybrid automated system where a robotic manipulator could work alongside a human worker to remove screws and bolts and liberate the modules (Figure 3C).…”

Section: Disassembly Of Ev Battery Packsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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Section: Disassembly Of Ev Battery Packsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disassembly Of Ev Battery Packsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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“…Electrode manufacturing and assembly of cells and the battery pack, particularly the energy demanded in these processes, has been modeled mostly based on literature data. Data from battery systems disassembled within the context of the LithoRec project were used to model the peripheral elements of the battery pack [54,[56][57][58][59][60][61]. The total battery cell volume of the disassembled battery system was estimated and set as a constraint to model the evaluated systems in this study.…”

Section: Goal and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The material inventory of the cell produced for each of the battery systems is reported in Tables S4.1-S4.3 and S5.1-S5.4. Moving forward to the configuration of the battery pack, information regarding inactive mass and components of the traction battery was directly collected from disassembling and measuring several battery packs within the context of the project LithoRec [54,[56][57][58][59][60][61]. From the disassembly experiments, it was found that for a battery pack with an energy density of around 76.4 kWh/kg, the share of battery cells ranges from 60% to 65%.…”

Section: Goal and Scopementioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

et al. 2018

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Abstract:The quest towards increasing the energy density of traction battery technologies has led to the emergence and diversification of battery materials. The lithium sulfur battery (LSB) is in this regard a promising material for batteries due to its specific energy. However, due to its low volumetric energy density, the LSB faces challenges in mobility applications such as electric vehicles but also other transportation modes. To understand the potential environmental implication of LSB batteries, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed. For this study, electrodes for both an NMC111 with an anode graphite and a LSB battery cell with a lithium metal foil as anode were manufactured. Data from disassembly experiments performed on a real battery system for a mid-size passenger vehicle were used to build the required life cycle inventory. The energy consumption during the use phase was calculated using a simulative approach. A set of thirteen impact categories was evaluated and characterized with the ReCiPe methodology. The results of the LCA in this study allow identification of the main sources of environmental problems as well as possible strategies to improve the environmental impact of LSB batteries. In this regard, the high requirements of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) for the processing of the sulfur cathode and the thickness of the lithium foil were identified as the most important drivers. We make recommendations for necessary further research in order to broaden the understanding concerning the potential environmental implication of the implementation of LSB batteries for mobility applications.

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Technological options and design evolution for recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries: Impact, challenges, and opportunities

Hossain

Sarkar

Sahajwalla

2023

WIREs Energy & Environment

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The lithium‐ion battery (LIB) market is growing, driven by consumer demand and the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The socio‐environmental impacts of LIBs production are vast; thus, it is of paramount importance to acquire knowledge about the consequences of lithium metal mining on human health, farming and the overall ecosystem. The materials embedded in spent LIBs have high industrial value. To minimize environmental impacts and conserve declining natural resources, the global supply chain for the raw materials for LIBs should not rely solely on mining. Rather, manufacturers should have access to the critical materials recovered from waste, as a sustainable and reliable secondary source of valuable materials. It is also crucial to study the hazards and economic considerations associated with waste LIB management from disassembly to final recycling stage. This article evaluates and highlights various current approaches to recycling and reuse of LIBs, as well as potential future developments. The pros and cons of different technological options for recycling spent LIBs, and opportunities to use small‐scale recycling technology to overcome the associated barriers, are also discussed.This article is categorized under: Emerging Technologies > Energy Storage Emerging Technologies > Materials Policy and Economics > Research and Development

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Disassembly Planning and Assessment of Automation Potentials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Exploring the Effect of Increased Energy Density on the Environmental Impacts of Traction Batteries: A Comparison of Energy Optimized Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Mobility Applications

Technological options and design evolution for recycling spent lithium‐ion batteries: Impact, challenges, and opportunities

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