Disappearance of Blood from the Gut of Engorged Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina: Laelaptidae)1

Kanungo, K.

doi:10.1093/aesa/57.4.427

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Bowman ( 1984 )) states, without detailed justification, that the length of digestion in the predatory soil mesostigmatid Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese) (Parasitidae) was approximately 1 week in the laboratory. Using gut expansion/contraction measures, Bowman ( 2014 ) however, better estimated total feeding and digestion time in this poikilotherm in the laboratory as 52.5 h. These range of figures agree with the complete disappearance of a meal in 3–7 days found on examination of a slightly smaller mesostigmatid Echinolaelaps echidninus by Kanungo ( 1964 ). However, Bowman ( 2017 ) in following the time for a pulse of larval dipteran prey to be fully processed in P. longicornis into Malpighian waste guanine crystals (which takes up to 10 days post the commencement of feeding), points out that visible gut expansion/contraction is not a comprehensive measure of all nutritional processes.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Gut contents, digestive half-lives and feeding state prediction in the soil predatory mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)

Bowman

2017

Exp Appl Acarol

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Mid- and hind-gut lumenal changes are described in the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese) from a time series of histological sections scored during and after feeding on fly larval prey. Three distinct types of tangible material are found in the lumen. Bayesian estimation of the change points in the states of the gut lumenal contents over time is made using a time-homogenous first order Markov model. Exponential processes within the gut exhibit ‘stiff’ dynamics. A lumen is present throughout the midgut from 5 min after the start of feeding as the gut rapidly expands. It peaks at about 21.5 h–1.5 days and persists post-feeding (even when the gut is contracted) up until fasting/starvation commences 10 days post start of feeding. The disappearance of the lumen commences 144 h after the start of feeding. Complete disappearance of the gut lumen may take 5–9 weeks from feeding commencing. Clear watery prey material arrives up to 10 min from the start of feeding, driving gut lumen expansion. Intracellular digestion triggered by maximum gut expansion is indicated. Detectable granular prey material appears in the lumen during the concentrative phase of coxal droplet production and, despite a noticeable collapse around 12 h, lasts in part for 52.5 h. Posterior midgut regions differ slightly from anterior regions in their main prey food dynamics being somewhat faster in processing yet being slightly delayed. Posterior regions are confirmed as Last-In-Last-Out depots, anterior regions confirmed as First-In-First-Out conveyor belt processes. Evidence for differential lability of prey fractions is found. A scheme is presented of granular imbibed prey material being first initially rapidly absorbed ( = 23 min), and also being quickly partly converted to globular material extra-corporeally/extracellularly ( = 36 min)—which then rapidly disappears ( = 1.1 h, from a peak around 4 h). This is then followed by slow intracellular digestion ( = 6.9 h) of the resultant resistant prey residue matching the slow rate of appearance of opaque pre-excretory egestive refractive grains (overall = 4.5 days). The latter confirmed latent ‘catabolic fraction’ (along with Malpighian tubule produced guanine crystals) drives rectal vesicle expansion as ‘faeces’ during the later phases of gut emptying/contraction. Catabolic half-lives are of the order of 6.3–7.8 h. Membraneous material is only present in the lumen of the gut in starving mites. No obvious peritrophic membrane was observed. The total feeding cycle time may be slightly over 52.5 h. Full clearance in the gut system of a single meal including egestive and excretory products may take up to 3 weeks. Independent corroborative photographs are included and with posterior predictive densities confirm the physiological sequence of ingestion/digestion, egestion, excretion, defecation, together with their timings. Visually dark midguts almost certainly indicate egestive refractive grains (xanthine?) production. Nomograms to diagnose the feeding state of P. longicornis ...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Gut contents, digestive half-lives and feeding state prediction in the soil predatory mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)

Bowman

2017

Exp Appl Acarol

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“…This is a little longer than the time for the loss of black egestive pigment (haematin?) on starvation in ereynetids (3-4 days, Baker 1971), but is now more consistent with the complete disappearance of the blood meal in Echinolaelaps echidninus of 5-7 days (Kanungo 1964) and the estimates of the biological half-life of ingested material in cryptozoans ranging from 5.5 to 27 days by Reichle and Crossley (1965). The total feeding cycle time allowing for the majority of intracellular digestion and cellular (egestive) decline is much more like the one week originally claimed without substantiation by Bowman (1984a).…”

Section: Fifo Lifo Lilo and The Total Feeding Cycle Timementioning

confidence: 56%

“…Starovir (1973) notes functional differences between the cells of the central part of the mid-gut and those at the distal ends of the diverticula in P. persimilis. Diagrams in Kanungo (1964) suggest that in E.echidninus, anterior and posterior parts of the mid-gut clear of engorgement together-although the apparent extent looks greater posteriorly due to the larger caecal sizes. Bowman (2014) reports that the anterior parts of the gut in P. longicornis form a 'conveyor-belt' process-a claim critically assessed by Bowman (2017b).…”

Section: Fifo Lifo Lilo and The Total Feeding Cycle Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A maximum of 336 h was chosen based upon the scaling calculations of Adolph (1949) applied to the maximum investigation time of phytoseiids used in previous Soviet studies (cf. 48 h) and the food disappearance time of laelapids from Kanungo (1964)-allowing for the larger size of pergamasids using body sizes from: Schweizer (1961); Stammer (1963); Evans and Till (1966) and Karg (1971).…”

Section: Data Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

Bowman

2019

Exp Appl Acarol

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A review of acarine gut physiology based on published narratives dispersed over the historical international literature is given. Then, in an experimental study of the free-living predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Berlese), quantitative micro-anatomical changes in the gut epithelium are critically assessed from a temporal series of histological sections during and after feeding on larval dipteran prey. An argued functional synthesis based upon comparative kinetics is offered for verification in other mesostigmatids. Midand hind-gut epithelia cell types interconvert in a rational way dependent upon the physical consequences of ingestion, absorption and egestion. The fasted transitional pseudostratified epithelium rapidly becomes first squamous on prey ingestion (by stretching), then columnar during digestion before confirmed partial disintegration (gut 'lumenation') during egestion back to a pseudo-stratified state. Exponential processes within the mid-and endodermic hind-gut exhibit 'stiff' dynamics. Cells expand rapidly (t 1∕2 = 22.9-49.5 min) and vacuolate quickly (t 1∕2 = 1.1 h). Cells shrink very slowly (t 1∕2 = 4.9 days) and devacuolate gently (t 1∕2 = 1.0-1.7 days). Egestive cellular degeneration has an initial t 1∕2 = 7.7 h. Digestion appears to be triggered by maximum gut expansion-estimated at 10 min post start of feeding. Synchrony with changes in gut lumen contents suggests common changes in physiological function over time for the cells as a whole tightly-coupled epithelium. Distinct in architecture as a tissue over time the various constituent cell types appear functionally the same. Functional phases are: early fluid transportation (0-1 h) and extracellular activity (10-90 min); through rising food absorption (10 min to > 1 day); to slow intracellular meal processing and degenerative egestive waste material production (1 to > 12 days) much as in ticks. The same epithelium is both absorptive and degenerative in role. The switch in predominant physiology begins 4 h after the start of feeding. Two separate pulses of clavate cells appear to be a mechanism to facilitate transport by increasing epithelial surface area in contact with the lumen. Free-floating cells may augment early extracellular lumenal digestion. Possible evidence for salivary enzyme alkaline-related extra-corporeal digestion was found. Giant mycetome-like cells were found embedded in the mid-gut wall. Anteriorly, the mid-gut behaves like a temporally expendable food processing tissue and minor long-term resistive store. Posteriorly the mid-gut behaves like a major assimilative/ catabolic tissue and 'last-out' food depot (i.e., a 'hepatopancreas' function) allowing the mite to resist starvation for up to 3.5 weeks after a single meal. A 'conveyor-belt' wave Extended author information available on the last page of the article Research Council grant B/77307818 at Liverpool John Moores University. Thanks go to Susan Bjornson (then at University of Alberta, Canada) for advice on invertebrate sporozoans and Don E Johnston (Ohio Sta...

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Exchange of water between a mite, Laelaps echidnina, and the surrounding air under equilibrium conditions

Wharton

Devine

1968

Journal of Insect Physiology

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Disappearance of Blood from the Gut of Engorged Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina: Laelaptidae)1

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Gut contents, digestive half-lives and feeding state prediction in the soil predatory mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)

Gut contents, digestive half-lives and feeding state prediction in the soil predatory mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae)

The gut epithelium from feeding to fasting in the predatory soil mite Pergamasus longicornis (Mesostigmata: Parasitidae): one tissue, two roles

Exchange of water between a mite, Laelaps echidnina, and the surrounding air under equilibrium conditions

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