“…The impact of predation and cause of death are often assumed or inferred (Rongstad, 1965;McCarley, 1966;Michener, 1979;Pfeifer, 1982;Arenz and Leger, 2000;Hoffmann et al, 2003;Martin and Heske, 2005) and dispersal is often credited as a significant cause of mortality in immature male mammals (Metzgar, 1967;Schmutz et al, 1979;Larsen and Boutin, 1994;Byrom and Krebs, 1999;Hoffmann et al, 2004;Johnson et al, 2009). Prior studies of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Rongstad, 1965;McCarley, 1966) have been cited as evidence that juvenile males disperse farther than females (e.g., Greenwood, 1980;Dobson, 1982;Holekamp, 1984;Vestal and McCarley, 1984).…”