Disaccharides Determination: A Review of Analytical Methods

Abstract

Disaccharides are determined mainly for dietetic purposes, hence the most analyses are carried out for food and drink samples. Its content can also be used to profile groceries in order to identify the origin and quality of the products. They also can be an indicator of the rate of metabolism as well as for the control of some technological and biotechnological processes. Unfortunately most of technological analysis are performed with nonselective polarimetry methods. Sugars due to specific physicochemical properties of compounds are difficult to determine with classical analytical techniques. The most common disaccharides are composed of several types of monomers connected by a different configuration of the glycosidic bond, therefore, there are subject of the same characteristic reactions. This often enforces the need for pre-separation of sample components. Therefore, nowadays the most popular analytical methodologies for disaccharides determination are based on chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques. An alternative is enzymes application that allow both selective recognition of target analyte and its conversion to easy detected product, allowing detection by relatively simple conventional analytical methods. Another approach is the use of advanced chemometric methodologies for computing of data obtained from some spectroscopic techniques. This article is a review of the recent analytical literature devoted to non-selective and selective methods for disaccharide determination in real samples.

MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry imaging reveals non-uniform distribution of disaccharide isomers in plant tissues

“…Comparing with the recent report utilizing liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA)-ion mobility mass spectrometry in imaging disaccharide isomers (Nagy, et al, 2019), MALDI-TOF/TOF imaging is superior in lateral resolution and convenience, which could facilitate the study of bacteria-plant interaction in more details. However, for better interpreting the observation, we may need to include other analytical approaches (such as GC, LC and electrophoretic techniques) to identify the disaccharide isomers, by comparing the disaccharide standards and the disaccharides in plant extracts (Pokrzywnicka & Koncki, 2018). We believe that the plant physiologist and food chemist can benefit from our findings.…”

“…However, identifying other disaccharide isomers is not easy because the possibility of coexisting multi-isomers. We suggest that chemical derivatization coupled with GC-MS and LC-MS could identify these disaccharides, by comparing them with disaccharide standards as possible candidates (Liu, Lou, Ding, Li, Qi, Zhu, et al, 2013;Pokrzywnicka & Koncki, 2018). The representative tandem mass spectra of disaccharides in the middle and inner epidermis region were shown in Figure 3d and 3e, respectively.…”

Maltitol: Analytical Determination Methods, Applications in the Food Industry, Metabolism and Health Impacts

“…An alternative analytical technique is capillary electrophoresis (CE), which offers good separation efficiency with low operating costs and minimal waste and has, therefore, been increasingly used to study several types of analytes in relatively complex matrices. The separation principles of sugar alcohols in CE systems are similar to those which apply to HPAEC [40].…”

“…However, this detection method requires costly analytical instruments and specialised technicians [38]. High-purity organic solvents are also necessary for liquid chromatography [40]. An alternative analytical technique is capillary electrophoresis (CE), which offers good separation efficiency with low operating costs and minimal waste and has, therefore, been increasingly used to study several types of analytes in relatively complex matrices.…”

Rapid HPLC Method for Determination of Isomaltulose in the Presence of Glucose, Sucrose, and Maltodextrins in Dietary Supplements

“…A recent review on disaccharide determination did not cover isomaltulose [ 48 ], perhaps because there is only a limited number of recent papers dealing with the determination of isomaltulose. The articles are briefly described below including retention times of isomaltulose.…”