Disability-adjusted life years and economic cost assessment of the health effects related to PM2.5 and PM10 pollution in Mumbai and Delhi, in India from 1991 to 2015

Abstract

Particulate air pollution is becoming a serious public health concern in urban cities in India due to air pollution-related health effects associated with disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and economic loss. To obtain the quantitative result of health impact of particulate matter (PM) in most populated Mumbai City and most polluted Delhi City in India, an epidemiology-based exposure-response function has been used to calculate the attributable number of mortality and morbidity cases from 1991 to 2015 in a 5-year interval and the subsequent DALYs, and economic cost is estimated of the health damage based on unit values of the health outcomes. Here, we report the attributable number of mortality due to PM in Mumbai and Delhi increased to 32,014 and 48,651 in 2015 compared with 19,291 and 19,716 in year 1995. And annual average mortality due to PM in Mumbai and Delhi was 10,880 and 10,900. Premature cerebrovascular disease (CEV), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes are about 35.3, 33.3, and 22.9% of PM-attributable mortalities. Total DALYs due to PM10 increased from 0.34 million to 0.51 million in Mumbai and 0.34 million to 0.75 million in Delhi from average year 1995 to 2015. Among all health outcomes, mortality and chronic bronchitis shared about 95% of the total DALYs. Due to PM, the estimated total economic cost at constant price year 2005 US$ increased from 2680.87 million to 4269.60 million for Mumbai City and 2714.10 million to 6394.74 million for Delhi City, from 1995 to 2015, and the total amount accounting about 1.01% of India's gross domestic product (GDP). A crucial presumption is that in 2030, PM levels would have to decline by 44% (Mumbai) and 67% (Delhi) absolutely to maintain the same health outcomes in year 2015 levels. The results will help policy makers from pollution control board for further cost-benefit analyses of air pollution management programs in Mumbai and Delhi.

COVID-19 Lockdown: Lessons learnt using multiple air quality monitoring station data from Kolkata City in India

“…Although particulate matter concentration is high in Delhi, as compared to Mumbai, the economic cost of health impact has increased in both the cities from 1995 to 2015 due to increasing pollution. The economic cost of health impact in Delhi and Mumbai was USD 6394.74 million and USD 4269.60 million, respectively, in 2015 (Maji, Dikshit, & Deshpande, 2017). It is generally observed that the residents of Kolkata perceive the severity of air pollution problem by the health effects of the pollutants like allergic rhinitis, sore throat, chronic cough, bronchitis, sinusitis, chest dyspnoea, bronchial asthma, etc (Dasgupta, 2005).…”

“…Majumdar (2010) has found that the monthly cost of illness of the sampled households of Kolkata city due to air pollution is INR 4625.42 (60.13 USD)1. Various studies on economic costs of health impacts conducted from time to time in other cities of India, other than Kolkata (Maji, Dikshit, & Deshpande, 2017;Sacratees, 2013;Gupta, 2008) suggest that ambient air pollution pose a serious concern to the worsening health in various cities, as re ected in high annual economic costs of health impacts, varying across cities and across time, ranging from USD 430 million (2007-2008) (Guttikunda & Kopakka, Source emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution in Hyderabad, India, 2014) to USD 2.2 billion (2013) (Etchie, et al, 2017). Thus, mitigation of air pollution can yield monetary gains in the medical expenditure of the population.…”

PM2.5 Pollution: Health and Economic Effect Assessment Based on a Recursive Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium Model

“…The E-R functions are often applied to the quantitative analysis of health risks. According to the studies by Pascal et al and Maji et al [29,30], E-R functions can be formulized by:…”

Applied Horticultural Biotechnology for the Mitigation of Indoor Air Pollution

“…Fine PM with an aerodynamic diameter of <2.5 mm (PM 2.5 ) is of particular concern, as these finer particles can penetrate more deeply into the respiratory system, and thus have greater health effects than coarser particles (Xing et al, 2016). The association between elevated PM levels and adverse health effects is becoming increasingly prominent, as is the documented presence of problematic PM levels in some indoor environments (Wyzga et al, 2015;Maji et al, 2017;Tunno et al, 2015). Currently, clear associations between PM exposure and health symptoms relate to cardiovascular, respiratory and venous thromboembolic disease (Bari et al, 2014).…”