Dirofilariasis: an uncommon parasitosis of the eye.

Soylu, Merih; Özcan, Kenan; Yalaz, Müslime; Varinli, Seyhan; Slem, Gülhan

doi:10.1136/bjo.77.9.602

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…2,6,[9][10][11][12] Since dogs and cats are definitive hosts for filaria, these animals have important public health implications. Cases of D. repens infection in the Mediterranean Basin have been reported from Greece, Italy, France, Spain and Israel.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“…5 İt is reported that D. conjunctivae is the immature type of D. repens, therefore, the main infection source of human dirofilariosis is dogs having Dirofilaria. 2,5 D. repens infection, rarely seen in humans, is a zoonotic illness. Humans get infected through blood-sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes, fleas and ticks.…”

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“…4 As there are no racoons in Turkey, this parasite is not found here. 2 The mature D. repens live in the tissues and organs of vertebrates, while their immature stages prefer the blood and lymph vessels. D. repens is a subdermal parasite in dogs.…”

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Subconjunctival Infection with Dirofilaria Repens

2002

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The first case of Dirofilaria repens (D. repens) parasite in Turkey was detected by Unat in 1944, 1 and human infection with D. repens in the subconjunctiva was also first reported from Adana in 1993 by Soylu et al. 2 Since then, no other cases of human subconjunctival infection with D. repens have been reported in this region.D. repens is a mosquito-borne filaria, a parasite of the subcutaneous tissue of domestic and wild carnivores such as dogs, cats and foxes. 3 Dirofilaria species may be divided into two groups: subgenus Dirofilaria represented by Dirofilaria immitis, which is charecterized by a relatively smooth cuticle and normally found in the right heart and pulmonary vessels of dogs, the natural hosts; and subgenus Nochtiella, which parasitize the subcutaneous tissue. Species of this group have longitudinal ridges on the cuticle. Representative species are Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens found in dogs and cats, and Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) tenius found in racoons. 4 As there are no racoons in Turkey, this parasite is not found here. 2 The mature D. repens live in the tissues and organs of vertebrates, while their immature stages prefer the blood and lymph vessels. D. repens is a subdermal parasite in dogs. It has been proven that the parasite, called D. conjunctivae and normaly found in humans, is not a different species from D. repens. 5,6 The main cause of D. conjunctivae cases is D. tenius, which occurs mostly in America, and D. repens, which occurs mostly in Europe (especially in the southern and eastern parts), Russia and Sri Lanka. 5 İt is reported that D. conjunctivae is the immature type of D. repens, therefore, the main infection source of human dirofilariosis is dogs having Dirofilaria. 2,5 D. repens infection, rarely seen in humans, is a zoonotic illness. Humans get infected through blood-sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes, fleas and ticks. During blood sucking, these arthropods receive the immature stages of the parasite called microfilaria. After becoming mature in the arthropods' body, microfilaria is transferred into human or other vertebrates by the blood-sucking arthropods. For D. repens settling in the subconjunctiva, the human body is not an appropriate host, and therefore, no mature stages of the parasite are found in humans. 5 The correct diagnosis of the parasite is usually made with histological examination, based on the identification of the nematode, using the morphological characters of the species to differentiate it from the other Dirofilariae. 5 It is important to identify D. repens by microscopic evaluation of tissue cross section, as well as through its macroscopic characteristics. 7,8 The dyes used in examining the cross transverse sections are hematoxylin-eosin (HE)

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Subconjunctival Infection with Dirofilaria Repens

2002

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“…vexans was determined as the main potential vector of D. immitis in Kayseri (191). On the other hand, some dirofilariasis cases were also reported as orbital dirofilariasis (24,66,167), premasseteric (117) and foot nodules (116) Onchocerciasis: Onchocerciasis is very serious simulid-borne diease of humans and animals which has three principal manifestations: subcutaneous nodule formation, dermatitis, and blindness. About 27 species of Onchocerca infect animals and onchocercal infections occur worldwide and very common in cattle, horses and donkeys.…”

Section: Trypanosomiasis (Animal Trypanosomiasis)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases in Turkey

YAZAR

2013

Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi

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Summary:In Turkey, arthropod-borne diseases such as human babesiosis, dirofilariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, anthrax, bartonellosis, louse-borne relapsing fever, lyme disease, plague, trench fever, tularemia, epidemic typhus, tick-borne typhus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, phlebovirus infections, tick-borne encephalitis and west nile virus in humans; animal trypanosomiasis, avian haemosporidiasis, babesiosis, canine hepatozoonosis, canine lesihmaniosis, dipetalonemiasis, dirofilariosis, habronemiasis, onchocerciasis, parafilariasis, setariasis, theileriosis, thelaziasis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, feline infectious anemia, akabane, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, equine infectious anemia, louping ill, west nile virus, colony collapse disorders (CCD) were reported in domestic animals and Wolbachia endobacteria infection was also reported in mosquitos so far. On the other hand, aphids (Aphididae), leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), white flies (Aleyrodidae), beetles (Coleoptera), trips (Thysanoptera), gal mites (Eriophyidae), and nematodes are also very important vectors of plant diseases in Turkey. Some of the most harmful plant viruses in the world such as tristeza, plum pox virus, and tomato ringspot viruses are also transmitted by arthropod vectors. In recent years, in spite of changes in ecological balance caused by abandoning agricultural land, use of natural areas to farm, release of rabbits, preventing water flooding, leaving the fields uncultivated, migration from urban to rural areas, hunting of wild animals, the dramatic drop in the number of farm animals, global warming and the strengthening of wild life was probably responsible for the increase of tick populations. The construction of ponds and dams, changes in riverbeds, drying out of swamps and marshes, dense ad-hoc and haphazard construction, changes in picnicking habits, wild irrigation in agriculture, and the use of unsuitable control measures by local authorities, resulted in an increase of flies. This led to an increase in infected vector populations and vector-borne diseases and a decrease in the potential for economic development. In conclusion, it is very important to initiate and develop integrated control programs targeting arthropod vectors, disease agents of human, animal and plants and natural reservoirs. These diseases have been caused high economic losses in Turkey, and therefore they should be further investigated.Key words: Animal, human, plant, Turkey, vectors, vector-borne diseases,. Türkiye'de Vektörler ve Vektörlerle Bulaştırılan HastalıklarÖzet: Türkiye'de insanlarda babesiosis, dirofilariasis, şark çıbanı, sıtma, lenfatik filariasis, onchocerciasis, şarbon, bartonellosis, bitle bulaşan dönemli ateş (louse-borne relapsing fever), lyme, veba, siper ateşi, tularemia, epidemik tifüs, tick-borne tifus, Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi, phlebovirus enfeksiyonu, tick-borne encephalitis ve batı nil virusu; evcil hayvanlarda trypanasomiasis, kanatlı haemosporidiasisi, babesiosis, köpek hepatozoonosisi...

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