“…The ‘Paris of the Tropics’, as it came to be known, exhibited the most modern signs of urbanisation in the middle of the Amazonia, with electric trams, a sophisticated theatre house, Roman‐inspired columns and foreign plants that substituted the native forest (Bernal, 2009; Chernela, 2014). This modernisation project removed from the city centre any ethnic marker that could reveal an undeveloped colony behind the beautiful belle‐époque buildings, as discussed in greater detail by Chernela (2015). Even though indigenous groups have historically participated in the city's growth and urban dynamics from its early beginnings, they have been denied actual citizenship, excluded from state support programmes and pushed to the outskirts of the city (Mainbourg, Araújo and Almeida, 2002; Almeida and Santos, 2009; Bernal, 2009).…”