Directions of changes in the functioning of economic instruments for environmental policy in Poland

Abstract

Environmental policy instruments allow to incorporate the problem of using the natural resources into the decision-making process of individual agents. One of the most efficient instruments for environmental protection are economic instruments, the indirect methods of influence on agents’ behavior. The aim of the article is to present the state of the Polish system of economic instruments in the light of other European countries’ experiences (especially European Union countries) and perspectives in the use of economic instruments for environmental policy during the coming years. The study is based on the literature review, reports ordered by the Polish Ministry of Environment and publications published by The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Environment Agency (EEA). The analysis suggests that economic instruments are widely used in Polish environmental policy. The main economic instruments in this policy are environmental charges and fines. Some of these charges and fines have been used in Polish environmental for several dozen years. Revenues from these instruments are earmarked for environmental expenditures. There are also some new, interesting economic instruments in Polish environmental policy, such as: deposit-refund systems, tradable energy certificates and emissions trading scheme. There are some opportunities for expanding the use of economic instruments for environmental policy in Poland. For example, there could be increased use of some environmental charges or taxes, and the environmental insurance. Poland could also implement an environmental tax reform.

Assessment of Green Investments’ Impact on Sustainable Development: Linking Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Renewable Energy

“…It should be underlined, that a lot of the scientists investigate the relationship between economic development and efficiency of SDGs 2030 achieving through the analysis of linking between: Environmental Performance Index and countries GDP [31,[64][65][66][67], Environmental Performance Index and Institutions Quality [68][69][70][71][72]; economic, social and ecological indicators of the countries Figure 2. GDP per capita and renewable energy consumption for EU countries (1990-2015) [11,12].…”

“…It should be underlined, that a lot of the scientists investigate the relationship between economic development and efficiency of SDGs 2030 achieving through the analysis of linking between: Environmental Performance Index and countries GDP [31,[64][65][66][67], Environmental Performance Index and Institutions Quality [68][69][70][71][72]; economic, social and ecological indicators of the countries development [73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84], socioeconomic development and economic growth [85], economic growth, environmental pollution and social development which measured by the level of morbidity [86][87][88][89].…”