Directional Response of a Horizontal Linear Array to an Acoustic Source at Close Range in Deep Water

Wu, Yanqun; Zhang, Wen; Hu, Zhengliang; Zhang, Weihua; Zhang, Bingbing; Wang, Jun; Wei, Guo; Xu, Guili; Zhu, Min

doi:10.1007/s40857-021-00250-5

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…As shown in Figure 1, assuming that an HLA with a length of L is placed along the y-axis, −L/2 < y < L/2, the location of the source can be expressed as r 0 = [r 0 cos φ 0 , r 0 sin φ 0 ] T , where r 0 and φ 0 represent the range and the bearing from the source to the center of the array, respectively. For horizontal arrays located in shallow water, the elevation angles (or grazing angles) of the arrivals are very small, and the source bearings correspond approximately to their azimuth angles in the horizontal direction [26,27]. Using the far field approximation, the horizontal range from any one element to the source is given by [18]…”

Section: Range Estimation Using Striation-based Beamforming Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, where 0 r and 0  represent the range and the bearing from the source to the center of the array, respectively. For horizontal arrays located in shallow water, the elevation angles (or grazing angles) of the arrivals are very small, and the source bearings correspond approximately to their azimuth angles in the horizontal direction [26,27]. Using the far field approximation, the horizontal range from any one element to the source is given by [18] When the array aperture is large enough, a certain interference structure can be observed along the direction of the array, which is referred to as the interference structure of the acoustic intensity in the array element-frequency domain [17].…”

Section: R E Ppmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prefiltered Striation-Based Beamforming for Range Estimation of Multiple Sources

et al. 2023

JMSE

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The element–frequency acoustic intensity of a horizontal line array with a sufficient aperture exhibits interference striation patterns, which can be used for source range estimation without prior environmental information. Under multisource scenarios, the interference striations of the sources overlap with each other, leading to great difficulty in utilizing the information of striations. In this paper, the wavenumber filtering method is applied to each sensor of the horizontal line array to extract the surface-reflected–bottom-reflected modes and reconstruct the recognizable interference spectrogram for each source. Then, via beamforming along the striations, the source ranges can be estimated individually with little prior environmental information and without the long-time observation of moving sources. The required sensor spacing is analyzed, and the spatial filtering capabilities for a single source from different bearings and two sources for which azimuth angles are close to each other have also been investigated. The simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can estimate ranges of multiple sources within 25 km, with relative errors of less than 4%.

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Section: Range Estimation Using Striation-based Beamforming Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: R E Ppmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefiltered Striation-Based Beamforming for Range Estimation of Multiple Sources

et al. 2023

JMSE

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“…The HLA of the aperture L is oriented along the y-axis, −L/2 < y < L/2, at depth z a . When the HLA is placed in shallow water, the elevation angles (or grazing angles) are very small and can be ignored [31,32]. Thus, the range from each element to the source in the far field can be approximated as [25,26]…”

Section: Interference Striation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Striation-Based Beamforming with Two-Dimensional Filtering for Suppressing Tonal Interference

Li,

Wu,

Guo

et al. 2023

JMSE

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Based on the interference spectrogram in the element–frequency domain using the data measured by the horizontal linear array, the source range can be estimated through the striation-based beamforming (SBF) method and its variants. Estimation of the striation slope is the basis for these ranging methods. But in practical scenarios, the tonal interferences and other noise make it difficult to estimate the slope. In this paper, we proposed a two-dimensional low-pass filtering method after the two-dimensional discrete Fourier transform (2D-DFT) of the element–frequency domain spectrogram. The signals can be separated from the interference and noise using this filter. For the linear frequency-modulated signal without a known waveform, we also proposed an extraction and phase compensation method based on the time–frequency spectrogram, and the acoustic data obtained can be used for source ranging. The experimental results indicate that the methods proposed are feasible.

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“…Furthermore, the modal phase velocity of each mode varies considerably, and the phase velocity of the low-frequency band has displayed obvious characteristics in changing with the frequency [12][13][14]. Furthermore, in an experimental environment, the mode theory was used to analyze the directional response of the horizontal linear array (HLA) to an acoustic source in the deep ocean, and it can be explained based on ray theory [15,16]. Additionally, Zhai [17] reconstructed the incoherent beamformed outputs in the wavenumber domain for a horizontally moving source using an original method, which can be used for normal mode energy estimation to remove the energy leakage between the modes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Bottom-Mounted Horizontal Linear Array Based on the Weighted Phase Velocity

Zhang

Yang

2023

JMSE

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The direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of an underwater bottom-mounted horizontal linear array (HLA) based on weighted phase velocity has been proposed in this paper. The directional response is mainly affected by differences in the modal phase velocities and the sound speed of the water column. Based on the mode theory, the acoustic intensity distribution characteristics and beam deviation were analyzed. The beamforming result obtained provides a distinguishing feature of bearing deviation when the measured sound speed was used. By applying the modal weighted phase velocity instead, source bearing can be well estimated. Particularly, in the presence of a thermocline, the propagating modes can be selected on the basis of the mode trapping theory. Both surface and submerged sources were taken into account based on the experimental data, and the deviation was well explained and reduced. For a source near the end-fire direction, the bearing estimation error was reduced from several degrees to tenths of degrees.

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Directional Response of a Horizontal Linear Array to an Acoustic Source at Close Range in Deep Water

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Prefiltered Striation-Based Beamforming for Range Estimation of Multiple Sources

Prefiltered Striation-Based Beamforming for Range Estimation of Multiple Sources

Striation-Based Beamforming with Two-Dimensional Filtering for Suppressing Tonal Interference

Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Bottom-Mounted Horizontal Linear Array Based on the Weighted Phase Velocity

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