Directional loudness in an anechoic sound field, head-related transfer functions, and binaural summation

Sivonen, Ville; Ellermeier, Wolfgang

doi:10.1121/1.2184268

Cited by 58 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Also Scharf (1969) indicated that binaural loudness summation of narrow-band signals was almost constant with level. This is further in line with recent data of Sivonen et al (2006) who also reported minimal influence from the stimulation level on binaural loudness summation. Consequently, even though the inter-aural level difference with BC stimulation was not controlled in the Stenfelt et al (2002) study, the influence from binaural loudness summation seem to be negligible and those data can be compared with the current study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Loudness functions with air and bone conduction stimulation in normal-hearing subjects using a categorical loudness scaling procedure

Stenfelt

Zeitooni

2013

Hearing Research

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Loudness functions with air and bone conduction stimulation in normal-hearing subjects using a categorical loudness scaling procedure, 2013, Hearing Research, (301) AbstractIn a previous study (Stenfelt et al., 2002) a loudness balance test between bone conducted (BC) sound and air conducted (AC) sound was performed at frequencies between 0.25 and 4 kHz and at levels corresponding to 30 to 80 dB HL. The main outcome of that study was that for maintaining equal loudness, the level increase of sound with BC stimulation was less than that of AC stimulation with a ratio between 0.8 and 0.93 dB/dB. However, because it was shown that AC and BC tone cancellation was independent of the stimulation level, the loudness level difference did not originate in differences in basilar membrane stimulation. Therefore, it was speculated that the result could be due to the loudness estimation procedure. To investigate this further, another loudness estimation method (adaptive categorical loudness scaling) was here employed in 20 normal-hearing subjects.The loudness of a low-frequency and a high-frequency noise burst was estimated using the adaptive categorical loudness scaling technique when the stimulation was bilaterally by AC or BC. The sounds where rated on an 11-point scale between inaudible and too loud. The total dynamic range for these sounds was over 80 dB when presented by AC (between inaudible and too loud) and the loudness functions were similar for the low and the high-frequency stimulation. When the stimulation was by BC the loudness functions were steeper and the ratios between the slopes of the AC and BC loudness functions were 0.88 for the low-frequency sound and 0.92 for the high-frequency sound.These results were almost equal to the previous published results using the equal loudness estimation procedure, and it was unlikely that the outcome stems from the loudness estimation procedure itself. One possible mechanism for the result was loudness integration of multi-sensory input. However, no conclusive evidence for such a mechanism could be given by the present study.Keywords: Bone conduction, loudness, categorical loudness scaling, multi-sensory integration.3 Highlights• The loudness function was steeper when stimulation was by BC than by AC• The difference between the loudness function slopes was greatest at low frequencies• The average ratios between AC and BC loudness function slopes were between 0.88 and 0.92• The difference between the AC and BC loudness functions were found at both low and high intensities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Loudness functions with air and bone conduction stimulation in normal-hearing subjects using a categorical loudness scaling procedure

Stenfelt

Zeitooni

2013

Hearing Research

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“…However, it has been shown that directional loudness sensitivity (DLS) could be observed at 400 Hz [2], where there is little acoustic shadow of the head [4]. Moreover, a tendency for the measured DLS values to be slightly higher than model predictions based on the related pressure measurements was reported at 5000 Hz [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signicant variations of loudness were observed when presenting bands of noise through loudspeakers that were located at various directions around a listener in an anechoic room [1,2]. As an example, a third-octave noise band centered at 5 kHz emitted by a lateral source (±90…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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SummaryThe loudness related to a sound may vary according to the localization of its source. This phenomenon is described as directional loudness and has been mainly observed for high-frequency sounds and for sources located in the horizontal plane. Because of the acoustic shadow of the head, the left and right ear pressures are modied depending on the source azimuth and the global loudness resulting from a summation process may vary accordingly. But directional loudness has also been reported to occur at 400 Hz, where shadowing eects are usually rather small. It might therefore be suspected that directional loudness eects could be inuenced by other parameters involved in the localization process. In a previous study, a small but signicant increase of loudness with increasing interaural time dierence (ITD) was shown for low-frequency pure tones (200 and 400 Hz) at a low loudness level (40 phon). The present study aimed at getting insight into the potential cause and extent of this eect by assessing the loudness of similar pure tones lateralized with headphones by applying an interaural level dierence (ILD) in addition to an ITD and by measuring the eect of ITD at the hearing threshold. It showed signicant eects of both ILD and ITD on loudness, and no interaction between these factors. As the eects added even when the factors were contradictory, it supports the hypothesis that the eect is caused by the ITD itself and is not related to the localization process. However, the ITD eect was not signicant at the hearing threshold.

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“…This effect has been explored on narrowband noises (Robinson and Whittle, 1960;Sivonen and Ellermeier, 2006) presented through loudspeakers located at several positions around the listener. The latter had to match the loudness of a test sound that was emitted from a given direction to that of a reference sound emitted from a reference direction.…”

Section: Introduction a Directional Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At-ear pressure modifications are included in binaural loudness models as sound pressure levels are needed at both ears in order to take binaural phenomena such as inhibition (the signal at one ear may inhibit the internal response to a signal at the other ear) into account (Moore and Glasberg, 2007;Moore et al, 2016). Sivonen and Ellermeier (2006) observed an effect of the source azimuth on loudness for narrow-band noises with a center frequency of 400 Hz, where the acoustic shadow of the listener's head is considered small (Moore, 2012). According to this, the modification of the at-ear sound pressure level, which is small for a distant source, couldn't fully account for the observed directional loudness.…”

Section: Introduction a Directional Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of interaural time differences on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels

Berthomieu

Koehl

Paquier

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Influence of interaural time differences on loudness for low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels.Proceedings of meetings on acoustics, AIP/Scitation, 2017, 30 (1) Psychological and Physiological Acoustics: Paper 5aPPb1Influence of interaural time differences on loudness for low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levelsGauthier BerthomieuDirectional loudness sensitivity, which is generally accounted for by at-ear pressure modifications because of the perturbation of the sound field by the head, has been reported to occur at 400 Hz where shadowing effects are usually considered small. Then, an effect of the interaural time difference (ITD) on loudness has been observed for pure tones below 500 Hz. The latter was rather small but still significant, contributing to directional loudness sensitivity. In addition, it has been shown that the effect of ITD on loudness was caused by the ITD itself and not by its related localization. As this effect appeared significant at low level only (40 phon), it was hypothesized that ITD could help separate the signal from the internal noise and enhance its loudness. The aim of the present study is to confirm this hypothesis by observing the effect of ITD on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones (100 and 200 Hz) for various signal-to-noise ratios. The signal level was varied from 30 to 90 phon and the noise could be internal only or external also. The effect of ITD appeared significant at low levels or for small signal-to-noise ratios.

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Directional loudness in an anechoic sound field, head-related transfer functions, and binaural summation

Cited by 58 publications

References 20 publications

Loudness functions with air and bone conduction stimulation in normal-hearing subjects using a categorical loudness scaling procedure

Loudness functions with air and bone conduction stimulation in normal-hearing subjects using a categorical loudness scaling procedure

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Influence of interaural time differences on the loudness of low-frequency pure tones at varying signal and noise levels

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