Direction of Insect Migrations in Relation to the Wind

Mikkola, Kauri

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_11

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…However, drag from the weight of the ßight arm and friction at the pivot make the distances and speeds measured in this study only minimum estimates of adult capability. Furthermore, wind can substantially increase the distance covered by dispersing insects in nature over that made possible by powered ßight alone (Mikkola 1986, Drake and Farrow 1988, Johnson 1995, Pedgley et al 1995, Gatehouse 1997, Srygley and Oliveira 2001, Dingle 2006, and there is evidence that European corn borer dispersal is affected by wind direction (Mikkola 1986, Showers et al 1995, 2001). Showers et al (2001) famously reported the fortuitous interception of a "swarm" of 10 or 11 European corn borers crossing a highway in front of a colleagueÕs vehicle 100 min after a mass release of For these reasons, ßight duration is likely a better index of potential displacement of European corn borer adults than distance ßown on the ßight mills.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Obligate Migratory Flight Behavior in Young European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Females

Dorhout

Sappington²,

Rice

2008

Environ Entomol

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European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, flight behavior was examined in laboratory experiments. Adults were each tethered to 1 of 16 round-about flight mills in an environmental chamber, and the data were relayed to a computer. Parameters analyzed included duration, distance, and speed of the longest continuous flight and total flight time during an 8-h night. Comparisons were made between unmated and mated adults of both sexes at different ages up to 5 d after emergence. For unmated females, duration of the longest flight was highest the first night after emergence, declining significantly by 5 d of age. In contrast, duration of the longest flight for males was lowest at 1 d of age, increasing significantly by 3 d of age. Flight speed of females was roughly twice that of males at all ages. Mating did not affect flight behavior of either sex at any age tested, but mated adults could not be tested before 2 d of age because the first night was needed for mating. The pattern of age-specific flight behavior suggests that unmated females engage in obligate migratory flight the first full night after emergence. The median duration of this flight was ≈2 h in our experiments, with some adults flying continuously for the full 8 h of darkness. Females of other ages and males of all ages tested were capable of long-duration flights, but they more likely represent foraging flight. These results help explain the high dispersal rate of newly emerged adults from release sites in field experiments. KeywordsOstrinia nubilalis, migration, dispersal, flight behavior, flight mill ABSTRACT European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, ßight behavior was examined in laboratory experiments. Adults were each tethered to 1 of 16 round-about ßight mills in an environmental chamber, and the data were relayed to a computer. Parameters analyzed included duration, distance, and speed of the longest continuous ßight and total ßight time during an 8-h night. Comparisons were made between unmated and mated adults of both sexes at different ages up to 5 d after emergence. For unmated females, duration of the longest ßight was highest the Þrst night after emergence, declining signiÞcantly by 5 d of age. In contrast, duration of the longest ßight for males was lowest at 1 d of age, increasing signiÞcantly by 3 d of age. Flight speed of females was roughly twice that of males at all ages. Mating did not affect ßight behavior of either sex at any age tested, but mated adults could not be tested before 2 d of age because the Þrst night was needed for mating. The pattern of age-speciÞc ßight behavior suggests that unmated females engage in obligate migratory ßight the Þrst full night after emergence. The median duration of this ßight was Ϸ2 h in our experiments, with some adults ßying continuously for the full 8 h of darkness. Females of other ages and males of all ages tested were capable of long-duration ßights, but they more likely represent foraging ßight. These results help explain the high dispersal rate of newly emerged adults from release...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Obligate Migratory Flight Behavior in Young European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Females

Dorhout

Sappington²,

Rice

2008

Environ Entomol

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“…Assim, não é surpresa que o limiar superior de velocidade de vento para Bombus seja mais alto do que para Apis, e de que este seja maior do que os limiares das pequenas abelhas sem ferrão. Apis e Bombus são capazes de compensar com maior eficiência o vento lateral durante o vôo (Riley et al 1999(Riley et al , 2003, mas é impossível voar contra o vento cuja velocidade excede a velocidade de vôo do inseto (Mikkola 1986). Freqüentemente, o deslocamento de insetos menores do que 1,5 cm é controlado por processos atmosféricos (Farrow 1986).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Além disso, nos deslocamentos curtos e de orientação para pouso nas flores, o vôo contra o vento pode ser favorecido. Já nos grandes deslocamentos entre a colônia e flores, certamente mudam as restrições básicas do vento sobre a orientação espacial e sobre a economia de forrageio (Mikkola 1986).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

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Efeito do vento sobre a atividade de vôo de Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) (Apidae, Meliponini)

2007

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Through an automated system, foragers' flight activity of four colonies of Plebeia remota was registered at same time from December 1998 to December 1999. The large amount of data obtained allowed a quantitative and seasonal analysis of the effect of speed and direction of wind on their flight activity. In all four seasons, the smallest flight activity of Plebeia remota occurred when there was no wind or when the wind speed average was below 0.5 m/s. The flight activity peaks occurred in higher measured wind speeds and varied according to the seasons and the colonies. In the summer, the flight activity peaks occurred between 3.5 and 5.5 m/s of speed, in the autumn, in the series 4.0-4.5 m/s, and in the spring between 4.5 and 6.0 m/s. In the winter, clear restriction upon flight activity occurred in wind speeds above 5.5 m/s. Plebeia remota foragers guided preferentially their flights for certain wind directions. Except summer, the directions were similar to the four colonies. These directions matched with the locations where the most used floral resources are. On the other hand, lowest flights number coincided with conditions when the foragers would left their colonies upwind.Keywords Através de um sistema automatizado, a atividade do vôo de forrageiras de quatro colônias de Plebeia remota foi registrada, simultaneamente, de dezembro de 1998 a dezembro de 1999. A grande quantidade de dados obtidos permitiu uma análise quantitativa e sazonal do efeito da velocidade e direção do vento sobre a atividade de vôo. Nas quatro estações, a menor atividade de vôo de Plebeia remota ocorreu quando não houve vento ou quando a velocidade média do vento esteve abaixo de 0,5 m/s. Os picos de atividade de vôo ocorreram em velocidades de vento maiores e variaram segundo as estações e as colônias. No verão, os picos de atividade de vôo estiveram entre 3,5 e 5,5 m/s de velocidade, no outono, na classe 4,0-4,5 m/s, e na primavera entre 4,5 e 6,0 m/s. Entretanto, no inverno, houve clara restrição da atividade externa sob velocidades de vento superiores a 5,5 m/s. As forrageiras de P. remota orientaram preferencialmente seus vôos para certas direções de vento. Exceto no verão, as direções predominantes de vôo foram similares entre as quatro colônias. Estas direções também coincidiram com a posição dos recursos florais mais utilizados pelas colônias. Quando as forrageiras tinham que sair da colônia com vento contra, se registrou menor atividade de vôo.Palavras-chave: atividade de vôo, abelhas sem ferrão, fatores climáticos, vento, forrageio.

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“…Long-distance wind-borne movements are known for a wide range of insect taxa, including nocturnal moths (Johnson, 1969;Mikkola, 1986;Drake & Farrow, 1988;Gatehouse, 1997). Strong evidence for the occurrence of this phenomenon in migrant Lepidoptera was provided by early entomologists using synoptic weather maps and the back-tracking of air masses that satisfactorily explained the appearance of species of African and Asian origin in northern Europe (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-distance wind-borne dispersal of the moth Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Evergestinae) into the northern Mediterranean

Dantart¹,

Stefanescu²,

Àvila³

et al. 2009

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. On October 2006, during an episode of abnormally warm weather, the African moth Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lederer, 1858) was captured simultaneously for the first time in several sites in north-eastern Spain, the Balearic Islands and southern France. A deep depression situated over the Atlantic at the time gave rise to warm south-westerly winds, accompanied by suspended dust, that blew towards the north-western Mediterranean Basin. Back trajectories of air masses at two different altitudinal levels indicate that the moths most probably originated from an area located in Morocco and northern Algeria, where C. ulceratalis can be extremely abundant. With winter approaching, this invasion of a typically non-migratory species into the north-western Mediterranean Basin provides a good example of the so-called "pied piper" phenomenon, by which wind-borne insects may be carried into areas unfavourable for survival or reproduction. However, because climate change may make the establishment of this and other African species more likely in the future, we suggest that monitoring of this process may become an essential issue in the coming years.

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Direction of Insect Migrations in Relation to the Wind

Cited by 29 publications

References 30 publications

Evidence for Obligate Migratory Flight Behavior in Young European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Females

Evidence for Obligate Migratory Flight Behavior in Young European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Females

Efeito do vento sobre a atividade de vôo de Plebeia remota (Holmberg, 1903) (Apidae, Meliponini)

Long-distance wind-borne dispersal of the moth Cornifrons ulceratalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Evergestinae) into the northern Mediterranean

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