Direct simulation of surface roughness signature of internal wave with deterministic energy-conservative model

Hao, Xuanting; Shen, Lian

doi:10.1017/jfm.2020.200

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Note, Craig et al (2012) assumed both the surface and internal wave field were at most weakly nonlinear, and assumed the surface wave field was narrow-banded. More recently, Hao and Shen (2020) performed direct numerical simulations of a two layer model to investigate the surface roughness signature induced by an internal wave. Their model did not include steep and breaking waves.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…smooth and rough bands) observed in the surface wave field can be generated by a conservative mechanism. Note, the model of Craig et al (2012) requires detailed in-situ measurements of the upper water column, while the numerical model of Hao and Shen (2020) is computationally expensive. Furthermore, recently Jiang et al (2019) investigated the generation of (weakly nonlinear) surface waves at the leading edge of an internal wave.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Modulation of surface gravity waves by internal waves

Lenain

Pizzo

2021

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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Internal waves are a regular feature of the open ocean and coastal waters. As a train of internal waves propagate, their surface induced currents modulate the surface waves, generating a characteristic rough and smooth banded structure. While the surface expression of these internal waves is well known and has been observed from a variety of remote sensing instruments, direct quantitative observations of the directional properties of the surface gravity wave field modulated by an internal wave remain sparse. In this work, we report on a comprehensive field campaign conducted off the coast of Point Sal, CA in September 2017. Using a unique combination of airborne remote sensing observations, along with in-situ surface and subsurface measurements, we investigate and quantify the interaction between surface gravity and internal wave processes. We find that surface waves are significantly modulated by the currents induced by the internal waves. Through novel observations of ocean topography, we characterize the rapid modification of the directional and spectral properties of surface waves over very short spatial scales (O(100)m or less). Over a range of wavelengths (3-9m waves), geometrical optics and wave action conservation predictions show good agreement with the observed wavenumber spectra in smooth and rough regions of the modulated surface waves. If a parameterization of wave action source terms is used, good agreement is found over a larger range of wavenumbers, down to 4rad/m. These results elucidate properties of surface waves interacting with a submesoscale ocean current, and should provide insight into more general interactions between surface waves and the fine scale structure of the upper ocean.

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Modulation of surface gravity waves by internal waves

Lenain

Pizzo

2021

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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“…To avoid numerical instability, we restrict our discussions to the weakly/moderately nonlinear internal waves comparable to those in HS20, such that both the surface and interface quantities can be expanded in terms of the typical wave slopes. Note that this is a necessary simplification in the phase‐resolved models to ensure that the surface wave dynamics can be captured together with the internal wave (Craig et al., 2012; Hao & Shen, 2020; Jiang et al., 2019; Taklo & Choi, 2020).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With NIWs, there is the added component of transience, which may distribute the impacts across the lifetime of NIW events. Hao and Shen (2020) (hereinafter denoted HS20) showed that the NIW-induced surface slope heterogeneity could be reproduced using a wave-phase-resolving two-layer hydrodynamic model. In the study, the free surface was initialized with a known wave spectrum (e.g., JONSWAP) and this broadband surface spectrum was allowed to interact downstream with the internal soliton wave form (Helfrich & Melville, 2006).…”

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A Model Sensitivity Study of Ocean Surface Wave Modulation Induced by Internal Waves

Ortiz‐Suslow

Hao

et al. 2022

Earth and Space Science

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Nonlinear internal waves are an upper ocean phenomenon that drives horizontal surface current gradients, which in turn modulate ocean surface waves. Under certain conditions, this wave‐current interaction creates ocean surface roughness heterogeneity, in the form of alternating rough/smooth bands. In this study, we investigate the sensitivity of the modulation effect to internal wave properties and develop sea states using simulations of individual internal wave solitons. We utilize a phased‐resolved two‐layer fluid model to capture the evolution of surface waves deterministically. We conduct extensive simulations with a wide range of parameters, including fluid layer density ratio, internal wave amplitude, and parametric wind speed. We use the ratio of the mean surface slope between the rough and smooth bands, which are identified in the simulated surface wave field, to systematically investigate their response to the internal wave forcing across all our simulation cases. Our results show that, among the internal wave parameters, the upper‐lower layer density ratio causes the strongest surface heterogeneity. Spectral analysis of the surface wave elevation and slope variance reveals that the wavenumbers above the peak are most impacted. We demonstrate that accounting for the internal wave‐induced modulation requires including wave steepness statistics, for example, when modeling air‐sea exchange using a surface roughness, z0, parameter. Currently, these statistics are not included in typically coupled modeling schemes, and these systems cannot account for the impact of internal waves, even if the solitary wave phenomena are resolved.

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A high-order spectral method for effective simulation of surface waves interacting with an internal wave of large amplitude

Hao

Rogers

et al. 2022

Ocean Modelling

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Direct simulation of surface roughness signature of internal wave with deterministic energy-conservative model

Cited by 6 publications

References 27 publications

Modulation of surface gravity waves by internal waves

Modulation of surface gravity waves by internal waves

A Model Sensitivity Study of Ocean Surface Wave Modulation Induced by Internal Waves

A high-order spectral method for effective simulation of surface waves interacting with an internal wave of large amplitude

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