Direct sample insertion for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

Sing, Robert

doi:10.1016/s0584-8547(99)00020-8

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Finally, the even more transient signal than with ETV further limits the number of analytes that can be determined by ICP-QMS or ICP-SFMS. For more details on DSI, the reader is referred to a review (Sing, 1999) and a book chapter (Karanassios & Wood, 2000).…”

Section: Environmental Analysis By Icp-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Beauchemin

2009

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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This article reviews the numerous ways in which inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry has been used for the analysis of environmental samples since it was commercially introduced in 1983. Its multielemental isotopic capability, high sensitivity and wide linear dynamic range makes it ideally suited for environmental analysis. Provided that some care is taken during sample preparation and that appropriate calibration strategies are used to circumvent non-spectroscopic interferences, the technique is readily applicable to the analysis of a wide variety of environmental samples (natural waters, soils, rocks, sediments, vegetation, etc.), using quadrupole, time-of-flight or double-focusing sector-field mass spectrometers. In cases where spectroscopic interferences arising from the sample matrix cannot be resolved, then separation methods can be implemented either on-or off-line, which can simultaneously allow analyte preconcentration, thus further decreasing the already low detection limits that are achievable. In most cases, the blank, prepared by following the same steps as for the sample but without the sample, limits the ultimate detection limits that can be reached.

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Section: Environmental Analysis By Icp-msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Beauchemin

2009

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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“…A wide variety of techniques have been developed for the introduction of solids, liquids and gases into ICP-MS instrumentation (Campbell 1992, Jarvis 1992, Günther et al 1999, Sing 1999, Kántor 2001, Russo et al 2002, Mora et al 2003, Günther and Hattendorf 2005, Nakahara 2005). However, discussion in this review will be limited to liquids, the most common sample types analysed by ICP-MS.…”

Section: Sample Introduction Into the Plasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Quadrupole ICP‐MS: Introduction to Instrumentation, Measurement Techniques and Analytical Capabilities

Linge

Jarvis

2009

Geostandard Geoanalytic Res

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The low detection limits and multi‐element capability of inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) makes it an attractive option in a wide range of environmental, medical, biological, industrial and archaeological applications. Quadrupole ICP‐MS is used to determine element concentrations in a diverse range of sample types, often very different from the geological applications for which ICP‐MS was originally developed. Whilst modern instruments are robust and capable of a high degree of automation, it is essential that users of both instrumentation and data are aware of the strengths and limitations of the technique. Many people who are now involved with the operation and application of ICP‐MS instruments are not specialists in the field, as was usually the case amongst early operators. This back‐to‐basics review is aimed at the novice user and includes a guide to ICP‐MS instrumentation and performance. Whilst solids, liquids and gases can all be measured by ICP‐MS, discussion of sample introduction is limited to liquids. Requirements for producing good quality data, including aspects of sample preparation, calibration, and methods of interference limitation are also discussed.

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“…Since the technique was first introduced by Salin and Horlick in 1979, 1 there has been continuous efforts concerning DSI development in the past two decades. 2,3 DSI-ICP is similar to graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) in several aspects. Firstly, graphite sample probes are commonly used in DSI-ICP, 3 although tungsten wire loops 4 and metal sample cups 5,6 have also been reported.…”

Section: Direct Sample Insertion (Dsi) Is An Alternative Sample Intromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 DSI-ICP is similar to graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) in several aspects. Firstly, graphite sample probes are commonly used in DSI-ICP, 3 although tungsten wire loops 4 and metal sample cups 5,6 have also been reported. Secondly, because the sample is thermally evaporated from the graphite probe, the analyte and matrix vaporization behavior and pattern are similar for GF-AAS and DSI-ICP.…”

Section: Direct Sample Insertion (Dsi) Is An Alternative Sample Intromentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of Matrix Effects for the Analysis of Zinc in Sodium Chloride Using Direct Sample Insertion-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Chan

Gong

et al. 2000

ANAL. SCI.

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Direct sample insertion (DSI) is an alternative sample introduction technique for the inductively coupled plasma (ICP).A small quantity of the sample is placed in a sample probe and inserted directly into the plasma for vaporization, atomization, excitation and/or ionization. DSI is applicable to solid, powder, as well as liquid samples with 100% sample introduction efficiency. Since the technique was first introduced by Salin and Horlick in 1979, 1 there has been continuous efforts concerning DSI development in the past two decades. 2,3 DSI-ICP is similar to graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) in several aspects. Firstly, graphite sample probes are commonly used in DSI-ICP, 3 although tungsten wire loops 4 and metal sample cups 5,6 have also been reported. Secondly, because the sample is thermally evaporated from the graphite probe, the analyte and matrix vaporization behavior and pattern are similar for GF-AAS and DSI-ICP. In addition, analyte vapor is measured in atomic form in a hot and inert atmosphere above the sample probe or in the furnace. DSI-ICP has an advantage that the analyte enters a plasma of higher temperature than the sample probe, while the temperature of the gas atmosphere inside a graphite furnace is usually lower than that of the inside wall of the furnace. Yet, matrix effects in GF-AAS, e.g., vaporization interference and gas-phase reactions, are relevant to DSI-ICP. Vaporization interference is considered to be the major matrix effect for DSI-ICP. 7 The matrix effects on the excitation and ionization characteristics of the ICP are thought to be relatively minor, although suppression in the ICP emission intensity of Cu I, Cd I, Zn I and Pb II in the presence of pyrolysis products of an ion exchange resin has been attributed to changes in the ICP excitation conditions due to matrix effects. 8 It is remarkable that matrix effects on ICP excitation conditions are seldom observed for DSI. The mass flux of the matrix for DSI is much higher than that of solution nebulization. For a sample solution containing 3% NaCl and a typical sample volume of 10 µl, the average mass flux of NaCl introduced into the ICP by DSI is 6×10 -5 g/s if NaCl is completely evaporated in 5 s. The same mass flux for solution nebulization implies a 18% NaCl solution, assuming a 2% nebulization efficiency and a 1 ml/min uptake rate. The introduction of such a high concentration of easily-ionized-element (EIE) into the ICP, if possible, would cause severe matrix effects. [9][10][11][12] In this work, the matrix effects for DSI-ICP on analyte vaporization and on the ICP excitation conditions were studied. A slow insertion rate of the sample probe was used so that a partial separation in time for the vaporization of the test element and the matrix could be obtained. With such a setup, the temporal profile of the ICP emission intensity contained information about both the thermal vaporization and matrix influence of the ICP. Since the uncertainties in the intensity from run to run were eliminated, a direct...

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Direct sample insertion for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry

Cited by 31 publications

References 72 publications

Environmental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Environmental analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Quadrupole ICP‐MS: Introduction to Instrumentation, Measurement Techniques and Analytical Capabilities

Studies of Matrix Effects for the Analysis of Zinc in Sodium Chloride Using Direct Sample Insertion-Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

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