Direct radiative effect of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping and aviation

Balkanski, Yves; Myhre, Gunnar; Gauss, Michael; Rädel, G.; Highwood, Eleanor J.; Shine, Keith P.

doi:10.5194/acp-10-4477-2010

Cited by 80 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 53 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Balkanski et al (2010) compared the results of three models with different radiative and aerosol codes to estimate the contribution to the radiative forcing of the aerosol produced through road activities. All three models show maxima for the total sum of the black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulphate direct aerosol effect at Northern mid-latitudes and also over North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, regions with relatively low cloud cover.…”

Section: Impacts Of Aerosol On Radiative Forcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is negligible effect on cloud fraction and cloud depth when only indirect effects are taken into account, Table 12 Mass emitted, loads and aerosol optical depth, direct radiative forcings for the transport sector. Standard deviation for external and internal mixtures comes from the results of two difference models described in Balkanski et al (2010 Table 3 of the Supplementary Material in Fuglestvedt et al, 2008).…”

Section: Effects On Visibility Clouds and Cloudinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Uherek¹,

Halenka²,

Borken‐Kleefeld³

et al. 2010

Atmospheric Environment

306

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tEmissions from land transport, and from road transport in particular, have significant impacts on the atmosphere and on climate change. This assessment gives an overview of past, present and future emissions from land transport, of their impacts on the atmospheric composition and air quality, on human health and climate change and on options for mitigation.In the past vehicle exhaust emission control has successfully reduced emissions of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter. This contributed to improved air quality and reduced health impacts in industrialised countries. In developing countries however, pollutant emissions have been growing strongly, adversely affecting many populations. In addition, ozone and particulate matter change the radiative balance and hence contribute to global warming on shorter time scales. Latest knowledge on the magnitude of land transport's impact on global warming is reviewed here.In the future, road transport's emissions of these pollutants are expected to stagnate and then decrease globally. This will then help to improve the air quality notably in developing countries. On the contrary, emissions of carbon dioxide and of halocarbons from mobile air conditioners have been globally increasing and are further expected to grow. Consequently, road transport's impact on climate is gaining in importance. The expected efficiency improvements of vehicles and the introduction of biofuels will not be sufficient to offset the expected strong growth in both, passenger and freight transportation. Technical measures could offer a significant reduction potential, but strong interventions would be needed as markets do not initiate the necessary changes. Further reductions would need a resolute expansion of low-carbon fuels, a tripling of vehicle fuel efficiency and a stagnation in absolute transport volumes. Land transport will remain a key sector in climate change mitigation during the next decades.

show abstract

Section: Impacts Of Aerosol On Radiative Forcingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects On Visibility Clouds and Cloudinessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Uherek¹,

Halenka²,

Borken‐Kleefeld³

et al. 2010

Atmospheric Environment

306

151

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Finally, the ORCHIDEE land surface model serves as the land surface boundary condition for LMDZ and describes exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere, the soil and the biosphere , including a dynamic snow module. The coupling between LMDz and ORCHIDEE is described by Hourdin et al (2006), and those between LMDz and INCA is detailed by Hauglustaine et al (2004) for chemistry and tracers and by Balkanski et al (2007Balkanski et al ( , 2010 and Déandreis et al (2012) for the computation of the aerosols radiative forcings.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snow albedo is averaged separately in the visible and near-infrared parts of the solar spectrum. We adopt the same aerosol physical properties as used in Balkanski et al (2010) to evaluate their radiative forcings in the atmosphere. Within the snow, we do not know the extent to which aerosols are internally mixed, how they interact with snow grains, and how their hygroscopic and radiative properties evolve in time.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This model consists of three coupled modules: the LMDZ general circulation model represents the atmospheric component . INCA (interactions between chemistry and aerosols) describes gas-and aqueous-phase chemistry (Hauglustaine et al, 2004;Boucher et al, 2002), as well as aerosol physical properties such as size and hygroscopicity (Balkanski et al, 2010), which control the amount of wet and dry deposition. The coupling between the LMDZ and INCA models allow for an interactive simulation of five aerosol chemical species, namely sulphate, BC, OC, sea salt and dust.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Boreal and temperate snow cover variations induced by black carbon emissions in the middle of the 21st century

et al. 2013

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. We used a coupled climate-chemistry model to quantify the impacts of aerosols on snow cover north of 30 • N both for the present-day and for the middle of the 21st century. Black carbon (BC) deposition over continents induces a reduction in the mean number of days with snow at the surface (MNDWS) that ranges from 0 to 10 days over large areas of Eurasia and Northern America for the presentday relative to the pre-industrial period. This is mainly due to BC deposition during the spring, a period of the year when the remaining of snow accumulated during the winter is exposed to both strong solar radiation and a large amount of aerosol deposition induced themselves by a high level of transport of particles from polluted areas. North of 30 • N, this deposition flux represents 222 Gg BC month −1 on average from April to June in our simulation. A large reduction in BC emissions is expected in the future in all of the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. In particular, considering the RCP8.5 in our simulation leads to a decrease in the spring BC deposition down to 110 Gg month −1 in the 2050s. However, despite the reduction of the aerosol impact on snow, the MNDWS is strongly reduced by 2050, with a decrease ranging from 10 to 100 days from presentday values over large parts of the Northern Hemisphere. This reduction is essentially due to temperature increase, which is quite strong in the RCP8.5 scenario in the absence of climate mitigation policies. Moreover, the projected sea-ice retreat in the next decades will open new routes for shipping in the Arctic. However, a large increase in shipping emissions in the Arctic by the mid-21st century does not lead to significant changes of BC deposition over snow-covered areas in our simulation. Therefore, the MNDWS is clearly not affected through snow darkening effects associated with these Arctic ship emissions. In an experiment without nudging toward atmospheric reanalyses, we simulated however some changes of the MNDWS considering such aerosol ship emissions. These changes are generally not statistically significant in boreal continents, except in Quebec and in the West Siberian plains, where they range between −5 and −10 days. They are induced both by radiative forcings of the aerosols when they are in the snow and in the atmosphere, and by all the atmospheric feedbacks. These experiments do not take into account the feedbacks induced by the interactions between ocean and atmosphere as they were conducted with prescribed sea surface temperatures. Climate change by the mid-21st century could also cause biomass burning activity (forest fires) to become more intense and occur earlier in the season. In an idealised scenario in which forest fires are 50 % stronger and occur 2 weeks earlier and later than at present, we simulated an increase in spring BC deposition of 21 Gg BC month −1 over continents located north of 30 • N. This BC deposition does not impact directly the snow cover through snow darkening effects. However, in an experiment considering ...

show abstract

The role of aerosol absorption in driving clear‐sky solar dimming over East Asia

2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Surface-based observations indicate a significant decreasing trend in clear-sky downward surface solar radiation (SSR) over East Asia since the 1960s. This "dimming" is thought to be driven by the region's long-term increase in aerosol emissions, but little work has been done to quantify the underlying physical mechanisms or the contribution from aerosol absorption within the atmospheric column. Given the distinct climate impacts that absorption-driven dimming may produce, this constitutes an important, but thus far rather neglected, line of inquiry. We examine experiments conducted in the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's atmospheric general circulation models, AM2.1 and AM3, in order to analyze the model-simulated East Asian clear-sky SSR trends. We also use the models' stand-alone radiation module to examine the contribution from various aerosol characteristics in the two models (such as burden, mixing state, hygroscopicity, and seasonal distribution) to the trends. Both models produce trends in clear-sky SSR that are comparable to that observed but via disparate mechanisms. Despite their different aerosol characteristics, the models produce nearly identical increases in aerosol absorption since the 1960s, constituting as much as half of the modeled clear-sky dimming. This is due to a compensation between the differences in aerosol column burden and mixing state assumed in the two models, i.e., plausible clear-sky SSR simulations can be achieved via drastically different aerosol parameterizations. Our novel results indicate that trends in aerosol absorption drive a large portion of East Asian clear-sky solar dimming in the models presented here and for the time periods analyzed and that mechanistic analysis of the factors involved in aerosol absorption is an important diagnostic in evaluating modeled clear-sky solar dimming trends.

show abstract

Direct radiative effect of aerosols emitted by transport: from road, shipping and aviation

Cited by 80 publications

References 53 publications

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport

Boreal and temperate snow cover variations induced by black carbon emissions in the middle of the 21st century

The role of aerosol absorption in driving clear‐sky solar dimming over East Asia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About