Direct potable reclamation in Windhoek: a critical review of the design philosophy of new Goreangab drinking water reclamation plant

Pisani, P. du; Menge, J.

doi:10.2166/ws.2013.009

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Concerns about pathogen removal are the critical driver in water reuse system redundancy and reliability. The implementation of direct potable reuse systems is in the early stages in the US, although DPR has been practiced in Windhoek, Namibia for several decades [ 7 , 8 ]. Success of potable reuse, particularly DPR, depends on reliable pathogen removal, and decision-makers need quantitative tools to compare different treatment scenarios based on consumer health risk, cost, and other utility-specific concerns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending

Chaudhry

Hamilton

Haas

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, Cryptosporidium, and Salmonella. Consumer microbial risks of surface source water quality (impacted by 0–100% treated wastewater effluent) were assessed. Additionally, we assessed risks for different blending ratios (0–100% surface water blended into advanced-treated DPR water) when source surface water consisted of 50% wastewater effluent. De facto reuse risks exceeded the yearly 10−4 infections risk benchmark while all modeled DPR risks were significantly lower. Contamination with 1% or more wastewater effluent in the source water, and blending 1% or more wastewater-impacted surface water into the advanced-treated DPR water drove the risk closer to the 10−4 benchmark. We demonstrate that de facto reuse by itself, or as an input into DPR, drives microbial risks more so than the advanced-treated DPR water. When applied using location-specific inputs, this framework can contribute to project design and public awareness campaigns to build legitimacy for DPR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending

Chaudhry

Hamilton

Haas

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…NGWRP is a direct potable reuse scheme and thus operates under a permit agreement that levies penalties if operational performance and water quality parameters are not met. 22 Such regulations ensure that water quality is consistently met and some cases even exceed the existing guidelines for conventional water sources.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Failure Events in Drinking Water Systems as a Basis for Comparison and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Potable Reuse Schemes

Onyango

Quinn

Tng

et al. 2015

Environ�Health�Insights

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Potable reuse is implemented in several countries around the world to augment strained water supplies. This article presents a public health perspective on potable reuse by comparing the critical infrastructure and institutional capacity characteristics of two well-established potable reuse schemes with conventional drinking water schemes in developed nations that have experienced waterborne outbreaks. Analysis of failure events in conventional water systems between 2003 and 2013 showed that despite advances in water treatment technologies, drinking water outbreaks caused by microbial contamination were still frequent in developed countries and can be attributed to failures in infrastructure or institutional practices. Numerous institutional failures linked to ineffective treatment protocols, poor operational practices, and negligence were detected. In contrast, potable reuse schemes that use multiple barriers, online instrumentation, and operational measures were found to address the events that have resulted in waterborne outbreaks in conventional systems in the past decade. Syndromic surveillance has emerged as a tool in outbreak detection and was useful in detecting some outbreaks; increases in emergency department visits and GP consultations being the most common data source, suggesting potential for an increasing role in public health surveillance of waterborne outbreaks. These results highlight desirable characteristics of potable reuse schemes from a public health perspective with potential for guiding policy on surveillance activities.

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“…It is applied after RO to reduce the effects of suspended material shielding the light transmission and applied after scavenging carbonate, bicarbonate, reduced metals, COD and TOC are removed [34] [58]. An AOP step of UV/H 2 O 2 after reverse osmosis and before disinfectionis used in the Beaufort West WRP to destroy the remaining dissolved organic carbons, remove all endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and add to the safety of the water [12].…”

Section: Potable Reusementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Viability of the Reuse of Sedibeng District Municipal Secondary Effluent in Southern Gauteng, South Africa

Skosana¹,

Preez²

2017

JWARP

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Population growth, urbanization, water resources pollution, environmental awareness, uneven distribution of water resources and water scarcity have necessitated water reuse especially in arid and semi-arid countries. Influent and effluent data of chemical and biological analyses from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Sedibeng district municipality (SDM) were used to assess the viability of water reuse. Available worldwide water reuse criteria of Water Reclamation Plants (WRPs) for different reuse options were used to characterize the SDM's four WWTPs for potable water, power and steel industrial water reuse. Only WWTP4 does not meet the influent design criteria of the New Goreangab WRP in Windhoek, Namibia of 43 mg/ℓ and the DWAF general limit of discharge of 75 mg/ℓ used by Beaufort West WRP in South Africa for COD. WWTP2 and 4 do not meet the DWAF general limit of 25 mg/ℓ for suspended solids. Some of the water quality parameters of the effluents from these plants were non-compliant to the requirements for reuse in power generation and steel manufacturing. However, the implementation of advance treatment technologies such as membrane or advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) as part of the treatment train in a potential WRP would address the water quality issues. Water reclamation of SDM effluent either through direct (DPR) or indirect potable (IPR) water reuse, power generation and steel manufacturing industry has the potential of reuse in the Southern Gauteng region. The success of the selected option would be depended on cost effectiveness, stakeholder commitment and public acceptance of the reuse strategy.

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Direct potable reclamation in Windhoek: a critical review of the design philosophy of new Goreangab drinking water reclamation plant

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending

Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending

A Study of Failure Events in Drinking Water Systems as a Basis for Comparison and Evaluation of the Efficacy of Potable Reuse Schemes

Assessment of the Viability of the Reuse of Sedibeng District Municipal Secondary Effluent in Southern Gauteng, South Africa

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