Direct, One-Step Growth of NiSe₂ on Cellulose Paper: A Low-Cost, Flexible, and Wearable with Smartphone Enabled Multifunctional Sensing Platform for Customized Noninvasive Personal Healthcare Monitoring

Abstract

Monitoring of personal healthcare requires multifunctional sensors that can sense both chemical and physical stimuli. One of the possible solutions is the fabrication of low-cost, disposable "one time use" functional nanomaterials based sensors that can sense multiple health parameters, and the sensor data can be wirelessly transmitted to the smartphone for further processing. This report is a first demonstration of the direct growth of NiSe 2 on cellulose paper by the solution processed hydrothermal method and its application for a smart personal healthcare monitoring system that includes a noninvasive periodontal diagnosis to monitor oral health by the use of human saliva, a breath analyzer for various breath-related diseases, and a gesture sensor for deaf, dumb, and aurally challenged patients to communicate with the world. The fabricated sensor can be customized for a specific sensing with a dedicated user-friendly Android application which can be accessed remotely by a smartphone. The detailed sensing mechanism of each sensor is explained in terms of charge transport and electron transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, the sensing performance does not fluctuate even after 500 bending cycles for both chemical and physical stimuli, thus enabling low-cost yet robust and reliable monitoring. Successful development of such a versatile platform finds wide applications in the field of smart healthcare, medical devices, and the internet of things.

Flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials: Recent developments

“…The sensor was attached to a microcontroller, and the collected data was transferred to the mobile device via the Bluetooth module. This cheap disposable sensor can easily be used to test the unknown solution’s pH (acidic or basic) when an advanced pH meter is not usable [ 97 ]. Similar to the Meali et al research, several other reports are available on this type of flexible pH sensor such as amino-functionalized graphene fragments and polyaniline (NH 2 -G/PANI) composite film developed by Su et al [ 98 ], layered ReS 2 field-effect transistors (FETs) developed by Liao et al, and so on, but these also need to be further modified to meet miniaturization goals for the practical use of human body diagnosis [ 99 ].…”

A water destructible SnS2QD/PVA film based transient multifunctional sensor and machine learning assisted stimulus identification for non-invasive personal care diagnostics

“…8,9 Monitoring of personal healthcare requires sensitive multifunctional sensors that can sense both physical (strain and pressure) and chemical (breath) stimuli. 10 Achieving such high sensitivity along with the detection of different stimuli requires extremely sensitive transducers that can provide a high signal to noise ratio and a particular sensing pattern that is extremely specific to particular stimuli. Multifunctional sensors handle complex inputs from different stimuli and differentiating such complex input data is a challenging task and usage of the same sensor for multiple sensing applications often leads to data misclassification.…”

Facile Fabrication of P(Electrodeposition)/N(Solvothermal) 2D‐WS2‐Homojunction Based High Performance Photo Responsive, Strain Modulated Piezo‐Phototronic Diode

“…have been widely reported . 2‐D materials have revolutionized the field of flexible electronics due to their high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and high mobility . The 2D materials are held together by covalent bond in the in ‐ plane direction and Vander Waals forces in the out of plane direction which helps in the transfer of electrons confined to two dimensions.…”

“…[1] 2-D materials have revolutionized the field of flexible electronics due to their high mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and high mobility. [2] The 2D materials are held together by covalent bond in the in -plane direction and Vander Waals forces in the out of plane direction which helps in the transfer of electrons confined to two dimensions. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) are a group of 2-D materials known for excellent electronic properties like high mobility, free from short channel effects and high surface to volume ratio.…”

“…Hence, electrodeposition is a preferable approach for synthesis of p-type WS 2 on the thin film owing to the precise process controlled, low-cost and room temperature operation. This method eliminates the need for doping agent and the optimum precursor concentration creates tungsten vacancies and sulfur interstials defects hence, forming p-type WS 2 .…”