Pressure and temperature dependence of the electronic structure of superconducting ͑SC͒ CeFeAsO 1−y and non-SC CeFeAsO 1−y have been investigated using two complementary hard x-ray spectroscopic probes at the Ce L 3 edge, partial fluorescence yield x-ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy. With increasing pressure, the ratio between the intensity of the peak related to the f 0 ͑Ce 4+ ͒ state and that of the f 1 ͑Ce 3+ ͒ state, I͑f 0 ͒ / I͑f 1 ͒, is found to increase continuously for both compounds, indicating a continuous increase in the Ce valence. The valence of non-SC CeFeAsO 1−y is found to be slightly higher than that of SC CeFeAsO 1−y in the entire pressure and temperature ranges of this study. The valence of CeFeAsO 1−y around 6 GPa, where the superconductivity breaks down, is estimated to be ϳ3.0, but no change in the valence is observed upon cooling. The dependence of the interatomic distances on the concentration of oxygen vacancies is studied via extended absorption fine structure spectroscopy.