Direct observation of three-dimensional transformation of insoluble monolayers

Dielectric properties of Bauhinia monandra and Concanavalin A lectin monolayers, part I

“…In this type of structural reorganization, the resulting hydrophobic cluster of the protein is exposed to the aqueous subphase enhancing the surface activity of the molecule. At the same time, it is well known that the influence of chain length or surface pressure on the structural transitions of molecules composing insoluble monolayers is not so important as the effect of varying the pH of the medium [40].…”

Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir–Blodgett films of 1-acyl-1,2,4-triazoles

“…All substances show relaxation of the mmA dependent on time, i.e. the monolayers are not stable at the considered p value and collapse into 3D structures [6,35]. This 'slow' [12,32], 'spontaneous' [33] or 'nucleation-type collapse' [34] is explained for fatty acids as a mechanism of nucleation and growth in an unstable region of the substance that is defined between the equilibrium spreading pressure and the collapse pressure.…”

“…In this p range the monolayers are not stable indicated by the fact that either a mmA relaxation at a constant p or a p relaxation at a constant mmA occurs which may lead to a transition into 3D structures [6,35]. For this mechanism explained as a process of nucleation and growth Vollhardt et al [36][37][38][39] proposed a mathematical nucleation-growth-collision model based upon the concept of Smith and Berg [40].…”

Structural Properties of Asymmetric Mixed-Chain Phosphatidylethanolamine Films

“…It was possible to characterize the so-called liquid expanded toward liquid condensed quasi-first-order transition (6) occurring during the compression of these monolayers. These surface phase transitions have been emphasized with strong evidence from several experimental approaches, for example, electron microscopy (7,8), X-ray reflectivity (9), reflectivity at the Brewster angle (10,11), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (12).…”