Direct observation of the rate of H-atom formation in the thermal decomposition of Ortho-, Meta-, and Para-xylene behind shock waves between 1300 and 1800 K

Costa, Isabelle Da; Eng, Ronald A.; Gebert, Andreas; Hippler, H.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(00)80551-2

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Reaction (1) is one of the few elementary steps involving xylenes which have been experimentally investigated. Da Costa et al 42 have shown that the three isomers exhibit a very close reactivity for the decomposition giving H atoms and have proposed the rate expressions that we have used with a A ‐factor divided by two. For reaction (2), we have considered a rate constant four times higher than that used for the similar reaction in the case of toluene: the presence of two possible methyl groups would account for a factor 2, but a factor 4 leads to a better agreement in simulations related to the shock tube, as reaction (2) is an influential reaction as shown further in the text.…”

Section: Description Of the Reaction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytopathology of “double‐hit” non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

Elkins

Wakely

2011

Cancer Cytopathology

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BACKGROUND:B‐cell lymphomas with concurrent IGH‐BCL2 and c‐MYC rearrangements (so‐called “double‐hit lymphomas” [DHL]) are a relatively rare, recently described category in the 2008 World Health Organization classification of hematopoietic neoplasms. Response to chemotherapy and survival are poor.METHODS:The authors reviewed files of cytogenetically documented DHL to identify cytologic features that would allow its possible recognition.RESULTS:Twelve fine‐needle aspirates (FNAs), 2 pleural fluids, and 1 touch imprint of cytogenetically proven DHL were uncovered. Primary DHL was correctly recognized in 3 of 12 FNA cases using Ki‐67 staining coupled with a positive bcl‐2 result as the basis for performing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of c‐MYC and IGH‐BCL2 rearrangements. Remaining FNAs and non‐FNA cases were diagnosed as non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, B‐cell lymphoma, or atypical lymphocytosis. Ten cases had cell block material available. All cases had high cellularity with a dissociated smear pattern and background lymphoglandular bodies. Cell size ranged from intermediate to large. Nuclei were predominantly rounded or slightly irregular in contour; 4 FNAs had markedly cleaved nuclei. Some nuclei harbored discrete but small nucleoli, whereas in others coarse chromatin and indistinct or multiple small nucleoli existed. A variable number of mitotic figures, tingible body macrophages, and background apoptotic cells were also present.CONCLUSIONS:No specific cytomorphologic feature(s) were found to reliably identify DHL using FNA or exfoliative cytology. A high Ki‐67 proliferation index and positive bcl‐2 staining (on cytospin slides or cell block material) of cases not conforming to typical Burkitt lymphoma morphology should prompt FISH analysis for c‐MYC and/or IGH‐BCL2 rearrangements to identify DHL, particularly if tissue biopsy is not expected. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society

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Section: Description Of the Reaction Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytopathology of “double‐hit” non‐Hodgkin lymphoma

Elkins

Wakely

2011

Cancer Cytopathology

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“…The reactions of methyl tolyl radicals (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) have been adapted from those proposed for phenyl radicals [11] and includes reactions with oxygen molecules to give •O• atoms and methyl cresoxyl radicals and termination steps with other radicals.…”

Section: Primary Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reaction 1 is one of the few elementary steps involving xylenes which have been experimentally investigated. Da Costa et al [42] have shown that the three isomers exhibit a very close reactivity for the decomposition giving H atoms and have proposed the rate expressions that we have used with a A-factor divided by two. For reaction 2, we have considered a rate constant four times higher than that used for the similar reaction in the case of toluene: the presence of two possible methyl groups would accounts for a factor 2, but a factor 4 leads to better agreement in simulations related to the shock tube, as reaction 2 is an influential reaction as shown further in the text.…”

Section: Primary Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of xylenes

Battin‐Leclerc

Bounaceur

Belmekki

et al. 2006

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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This paper describes an experimental and modeling study of the oxidation of the three isomers of xylene (ortho-, meta-and para-xylenes). For each compound, ignition delay times of hydrocarbon-oxygen-argon mixtures with fuel equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2 were measured behind reflected shock waves for temperatures from 1330 to 1800 K and pressures from 6.7 to 9 bar. The results show a similar reactivity for the three isomers.A detailed kinetic mechanism has been proposed, which reproduces our experimental results, as well as some literature data obtained in a plug flow reactor at 1155 K showing a clear difference of reactivity between the three isomers of xylene. The main reaction paths have been determined by sensitivity and flux analyses and have allowed the differences of reactivity to be explained.

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“…Details of the shock tube are described elsewhere. [24][25][26] The shock waves were initiated by pressure bursting of aluminium diaphragms. The shock speed was measured with four pressure gauges to take account of the attenuation of the waves.…”

Section: Experimental Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%