Direct observation of the energy gain underpinning ferromagnetic superexchange in the electronic structure of 
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Watson, M. D.; Marković, Igor; Mazzola, Federico; Rajan, Akhil; Morales, Edgar Abarca; Burn, D. M.; Hesjedal, T.; Laan, G. van der; Mukherjee, Saumya; Kim, T. K.; Bigi, Chiara; Vobornik, I.; Hatnean, Monica Ciomaga; King, P. D. C.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.101.205125

Cited by 32 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…4 d, the EDCs show that the peak at 1.7 eV also gets sharper and shifts towards the higher binding energy in the FM phase. This is similar to what has been recently observed in another vdW ferromagnet, Cr Ge Te , where the FM transition induces a band-width enhancement of Te 5 p 13 and Cr t 56 related states, along with the energy lowering of 5 p -e hybridized states. We note, however, that relatively minor effects of ferromagnetic transition on the electronic structure of these compounds might not be surprising.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Valence band electronic structure of the van der Waals ferromagnetic insulators: VI$$_3$$ and CrI$$_3$$

Kundu

Liu²,

Petrović³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Ferromagnetic van der Waals (vdW) insulators are of great scientific interest for their promising applications in spintronics. It has been indicated that in the two materials within this class, CrI$$_3$$ 3 and VI$$_3$$ 3 , the magnetic ground state, the band gap, and the Fermi level could be manipulated by varying the layer thickness, strain or doping. To understand how these factors impact the properties, a detailed understanding of the electronic structure would be required. However, the experimental studies of the electronic structure of these materials are still very sparse. Here, we present the detailed electronic structure of CrI$$_3$$ 3 and VI$$_3$$ 3 measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Our results show a band-gap of the order of 1 eV, sharply contrasting some theoretical predictions such as Dirac half-metallicity and metallic phases, indicating that the intra-atomic interaction parameter (U) and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) were not properly accounted for in the calculations. We also find significant differences in the electronic properties of these two materials, in spite of similarities in their crystal structure. In CrI$$_3$$ 3 , the valence band maximum is dominated by the I 5p, whereas in VI$$_3$$ 3 it is dominated by the V 3d derived states. Our results represent valuable input for further improvements in the theoretical modeling of these systems.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Valence band electronic structure of the van der Waals ferromagnetic insulators: VI$$_3$$ and CrI$$_3$$

Kundu

Liu²,

Petrović³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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show abstract

“…To explore the relationship between electronic structure and magnetism, measurements such as angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy are carried out on CrGeTe 3 , which reveal the importance of interaction between 5p orbitals in Te atom and e g orbitals in Cr atom to the formation of FM order. [ 69 ] In parallel, homologous studies on CrSiTe 3 unveil the intimate relationship between the superexchange coupling and the electronic structure. [ 70 ] At the same time, the strong electronic correlations in CrSiTe 3 weaken interlayer exchange, resulting in uncertain FM or AFM interlayer exchange coupling, which needs further experimental verifications.…”

Section: The Existing and Promising Magnetic Vdw Materials Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics

2020

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van der Waals (vdW) materials exhibit great potential in spintronics, arising from their excellent spin transportation, large spin–orbit coupling, and high‐quality interfaces. The recent discovery of intrinsic vdW antiferromagnets and ferromagnets has laid the foundation for the construction of all‐vdW spintronic devices, and enables the study of low‐dimensional magnetism, which is of both technical and scientific significance. In this review, several representative families of vdW magnets are introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the methods utilized in reading out the magnetic states of vdW magnets. Thereafter, it is shown that various electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches are employed to modulate the magnetism of vdW magnets. Finally, the perspective of vdW magnets in spintronics is discussed and an outlook of future development direction in this field is also proposed.

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“…However, this picture is not easily understood based on so called Mermin-Wagner theorem since this theorem does not allow long-range ferromagnetism starting from localized isotropic Heisenberg spins in two-dimensions [14]. To reconcile, investigation on vdW ferromagnetic insulators Cr2Ge2Te6 [15,16,17,18,19] and CrI3 [20,21,22] provide useful insight. In these systems, the ligand states significantly contribute to the ferromagnetism through hybridization with orbital having magnetic moment [18,19,21,22].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To reconcile, investigation on vdW ferromagnetic insulators Cr2Ge2Te6 [15,16,17,18,19] and CrI3 [20,21,22] provide useful insight. In these systems, the ligand states significantly contribute to the ferromagnetism through hybridization with orbital having magnetic moment [18,19,21,22]. Thus, this information provides a motivation of clarifying metallic vdW ferromagnet with an elemental selective point of view, particularly focusing on a role of ligand state.…”

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confidence: 99%

Itinerant ferromagnetism mediated by giant spin polarization of the metallic ligand band in the van der Waals magnet Fe5GeTe2

et al. 2021

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We investigate near-Fermi-energy (EF) element-specific electronic and spin states of ferromagnetic van der Waals (vdW) metal Fe5GeTe2. The soft x-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (SX-ARPES) measurement provides spectroscopic evidence of localized Fe 3d band. We also find prominent hybridization between the localized Fe 3d band and the delocalized Ge/Te p bands. This picture is strongly supported from direct observation of the remarkable spin polarization of the ligand p bands near EF, using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) measurements. The strength of XMCD signal from ligand element Te shows the highest value, as far as we recognize, among literature reporting finite XMCD signal for none-magnetic element in any systems. Combining SX-ARPES and elemental selective XMCD measurements, we collectively point an important role of giant spin polarization of the delocalized ligand Te states for realizing itinerant long-range ferromagnetism in Fe5GeTe2. Our finding provides a fundamental elemental selective view-point for understanding mechanism of itinerant ferromagnetism in low dimensional compounds, which also leads insight for designing exotic magnetic states by interfacial band engineering in heterostructures.

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Direct observation of the energy gain underpinning ferromagnetic superexchange in the electronic structure of CrGeTe3

Cited by 32 publications

References 45 publications

Valence band electronic structure of the van der Waals ferromagnetic insulators: VI$$_3$$ and CrI$$_3$$

Valence band electronic structure of the van der Waals ferromagnetic insulators: VI$$_3$$ and CrI$$_3$$

van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics

Itinerant ferromagnetism mediated by giant spin polarization of the metallic ligand band in the van der Waals magnet Fe5GeTe2

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