Direct observation of sp3 bonding in tetrahedral amorphous carbon using ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy

Gilkes, K. W. R.; Sands, H. S.; Batchelder, D. N.; Robertson, John; Milne, WI

doi:10.1063/1.118798

Cited by 239 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…[17] The signal at about 1100 cm , visible only for D1 and D2, is related to the Tband, and is associ ated with the presence of "nanocrystalline diamond." [21] The fitting operation allowed us to define position, full width at half maximum (FWHM), and intensity of the diamond signal for each sample. These parameters are reported in Table 1.…”

Section: Raman Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting the Properties of Ti‐Doped CVD‐Grown Diamonds for the Assembling of Electrodes

Tamburri

Carcione

Vitale

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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controlled electrical conductivity. The insulating nature of the diamond phase precluded the use of diamond in electro chemistry, and at that time conductivity could be induced in diamond films only by ion implantation. However, as indi cated by the first report [1] the results were not satisfactory because of the structural damages produced by the ions in the dia mond lattice. After the pioneering works by Derjaguin et al., [2] Varnin et al., [3] and Spitsyn et al., [4] the beginning of the "diamond electrochemistry" era started with the settling up and developing of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) metho dologies and the definition of protocols for the growth of the diamond phase under conditions far from the thermo dynamic equilibrium.The feasibility of doping the growing diamond lattice during CVD processes stimulated the development of efficient routes for the realization of highquality, robust, and wearresistant new type of carbon electrodes, to be used for the entire range of the electrochemical applications, from oxidation/reduction reactions, to qualitative and quantitative electroanalysis, to power generation and storage. [5] During the last decades the general trend was to use boron as dopant of diamond. Borondoped diamond (BDD) consti tutes certainly the more common class of conductive diamonds, due to the wellestablished ptype semiconductor behavior and the interesting electrochemical properties of such hybrid system. [6][7][8] However, there are several criticalities related to the use of B to dope CVD diamond layers. First, whereas resistivity of about 10 −3 Ω cm can be achieved with B concentrations up to 10 21 cm −3 , [9] the electrical properties of such structures are dom inated by impurity band conduction with a low mobility that degrades the conducting behavior of the material. [10] Another criticality is related to the high toxicity of boron and to the con sequent limitations in the use of Bdoped electrodes in applica tions requiring biocompatibility.Several other elements such as N, P, Na, Li, Ti, W, and Nd have been proposed as dopants to induce in diamonds a con ductive or semiconductive behavior and to match specific tech nological requirements. [5] A hybrid chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-powder flowing technique specifically developed in lab has been employed to produce high-quality polycrystalline diamond layers containing Ti inclusions. Morphology, structural features, and surface composition of nanocomposite diamond-based samples produced by different growth times have been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, Raman and Auger spectroscopy, respectively. The CVD methodology adopted for the Ti incorporation in the diamond lattice does not perturb the crystalline quality of the diamond matrix, therefore maintaining the outstanding properties of the C-sp 3 phase. The functional properties of the nanocomposite layers have been tested by nanoindentation and I-V measurements. The electrochemical performance of the diamond/Ti electrodes is evaluated by performing cyclic voltammetry in ...

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Section: Raman Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploiting the Properties of Ti‐Doped CVD‐Grown Diamonds for the Assembling of Electrodes

Tamburri

Carcione

Vitale

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

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“…As a result, the Raman spectra obtained using visible excitation are completely dominated by sp 2 -bonded carbon. However, Raman spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) excitation has recently been used for characterizing DLC [50][51][52][53]. The advantage of UV Raman spectroscopy is that it eliminates the resonance effect of sp 2 -bonded carbon.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…attributed to an sp 3 -bonded carbon network [50][51][52]. Okada et al [54] first applied UV Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of the bonding structures of nanocrystalline diamond.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of nanocrystalline diamond

Okada¹

2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Nanocrystalline diamond films have attracted considerable attention because they have a low coefficient of friction and a low electron emission threshold voltage. In this paper, the author reviews the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) of nanocrystalline diamond and mainly focuses on the growth of nanocrystalline diamond by low-pressure PE-CVD. Nanocrystalline diamond particles of 200-700 nm diameter have been prepared in a 13.56 MHz low-pressure inductively coupled CH 4 /CO/H 2 plasma. The bonding state of carbon atoms was investigated by ultraviolet-excited Raman spectroscopy. Electron energy loss spectroscopy identified sp 2 -bonded carbons around the 20-50 nm subgrains of nanocrystalline diamond particles. Plasma diagnostics using a Langmuir probe and the comparison with plasma simulation are also reviewed. The electron energy distribution functions are discussed by considering different inelastic interaction channels between electrons and heavy particles in a molecular CH 4 /H 2 plasma. r

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“…The first one gives information mainly on the sp 2 domains, because that wavelength has a strong selectivity towards the π states of sp 2 -hybridized carbon species (Wada and Solin 1981). UV Raman, instead, excites both the π and the σ states; therefore it is able to probe both sp 2 and sp 3 carbon species (Gilkes et al 1997). Since the shape, position and intensity of the Raman fingerprints are laser-line dependent, a multi-line method should provide a complementary investigation and a more advanced Raman approach (Ferrari and Robertson 2004).…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated carbons for applications in catalysis: the point of view of a physical-chemist

Lazzarini

2017

Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei

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This paper is a concise review on the principal physical-chemical techniques available to investigate the structural and surface properties of activated carbons (ACs) for catalytic applications. The same activated carbon has been characterized by an incredible amount of techniques: Solid State-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-Ray Powder Diffraction and Raman spectroscopy for structural characterization, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Inelastic Neutron Scattering and FT-IR spectroscopy for surface analysis, instead. The main goal is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all the techniques and to propose a multi-technique approach that should help in avoiding misinterpretations, as often found in the specialized literature.

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Direct observation of sp3 bonding in tetrahedral amorphous carbon using ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy

Cited by 239 publications

References 24 publications

Exploiting the Properties of Ti‐Doped CVD‐Grown Diamonds for the Assembling of Electrodes

Exploiting the Properties of Ti‐Doped CVD‐Grown Diamonds for the Assembling of Electrodes

Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of nanocrystalline diamond

Activated carbons for applications in catalysis: the point of view of a physical-chemist

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