Direct observation of local xylem embolisms induced by soil drying in intact<i>Zea mays</i>leaves

Ryu, Jeongeun; Hwang, Bae Geun; Kim, Yang Min; Lee, Sang Joon

doi:10.1093/jxb/erw087

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(83 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, this technique was used to compare the hydraulic vulnerability of stem, roots and leaves within intact seedlings, which had an age of only few months, while previous studies dealt with either saplings or detached organs of adult trees (e.g. Choat et al ., , ; Cochard et al ., ; Bouche et al ., ; Cuneo et al ., ; Knipfer et al ., , ; Ryu et al ., ; Nardini et al ., ; Nolf et al ., ; Scoffoni et al ., ). Interestingly, the mean vulnerability of seedling stems was lower than that of branches from adult trees of A. pseudoplatanus (Ψ 50 −1.60 and −2.2 MPa from Tissier et al ., and Lens et al ., ; respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() suggested that higher rates of PLC in micro‐CT based vulnerability curves might be caused by the exposition of samples to heat and/or X‐ray absorption during sample alignment and scanning. However, in our study, samples were not exposed to irradiation during the initial alignment and the scan time was rather short (90 s) compared with other studies (Cochard et al ., ; Choat et al ., ; Knipfer et al ., ; Ryu et al ., ; Nardini et al ., ; Nolf et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique provides the possibility to visualise at high resolution and quantify xylem embolism in detached branches (e.g. Cochard et al, 2015;Choat et al, 2016;Knipfer et al, 2016;Nardini et al, 2017), leaves (Bouche et al, 2016;Ryu et al, 2016;Scoffoni et al, 2017), roots as well as on the main stem of intact plants Knipfer et al, 2017;Nolf et al, 2017;Savi et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights from in vivo micro‐CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings

et al. 2018

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Summary The seedling stage is the most susceptible one during a tree′s life. Water relations may be crucial for seedlings due to their small roots, limited water buffers and the effects of drought on water transport. Despite obvious relevance, studies on seedling xylem hydraulics are scarce as respective methodical approaches are limited. Micro‐ CT scans of intact Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings dehydrated to different water potentials (Ψ) allowed the simultaneous observation of gas‐filled versus water‐filled conduits and the calculation of percentage loss of conductivity ( PLC ) in stems, roots and leaves (petioles or main veins). Additionally, anatomical analyses were performed and stem PLC measured with hydraulic techniques. In A. pseudoplatanus , petioles showed a higher Ψ at 50% PLC (Ψ 50 −1.13 MP a) than stems (−2.51 MP a) and roots (−1.78 MP a). The main leaf veins of F. sylvatica had similar Ψ 50 values (−2.26 MP a) to stems (−2.74 MP a) and roots (−2.75 MP a). In both species, no difference between root and stems was observed. Hydraulic measurements on stems closely matched the micro‐ CT based PLC calculations. Micro‐ CT analyses indicated a species‐specific hydraulic architecture. Vulnerability segmentation, enabling a disconnection of the hydraulic pathway upon drought, was observed in A. pseudoplatanus but not in the especially shade‐tolerant F. sylvatica . Hydraulic patterns could partly be related to xylem anatomical traits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights from in vivo micro‐CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings

et al. 2018

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“…Large steps have been made recently towards this goal, with the identification of cavitation in the water‐transporting xylem tissue as a primary cause of plant mortality during drought (Bréda et al ., ; Brodribb & Cochard, ; Barigah et al ., ; Anderegg et al ., ; Adams et al ., ). New techniques that visualize the process of cavitation (the spread and formation of air embolisms in the continuous water column within the xylem that connects leaves with water in the soil) have provided unequivocal evidence of the catastrophic nature of xylem failure during acute water stress (Brodersen et al ., ; Delzon & Cochard, ; Brodribb et al ., ,b; Choat et al ., ; Ryu et al ., ; Torres‐Ruiz et al ., ; Skelton et al ., ). Xylem cavitation is not only linked to plant mortality, but also to slow recovery after drought in forest trees (Brodribb et al ., ; Anderegg et al ., ; Skelton et al ., ), indicating the generality of this process in limiting plant growth, productivity and survival.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping xylem failure in disparate organs of whole plants reveals extreme resistance in olive roots

et al. 2018

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The capacity of plant species to resist xylem cavitation is an important determinant of resistance to drought, mortality thresholds, geographic distribution and productivity. Unravelling the role of xylem cavitation vulnerability in plant evolution and adaptation requires a clear understanding of how this key trait varies between the tissues of individuals and between individuals of species. Here, we examine questions of variation within individuals by measuring how cavitation moves between organs of individual plants. Using multiple cameras placed simultaneously on roots, stems and leaves, we were able to record systemic xylem cavitation during drying of individual olive plants. Unlike previous studies, we found a consistent pattern of root > stem > leaf in terms of xylem resistance to cavitation. The substantial variation in vulnerability to cavitation, evident among individuals, within individuals and within tissues of olive seedlings, was coordinated such that plants with more resistant roots also had more resistant leaves. Preservation of root integrity means that roots can continue to supply water for the regeneration of drought-damaged aerial tissues after post-drought rain. Furthermore, coordinated variation in vulnerability between leaf, stem and root in olive plants suggests a strong selective pressure to maintain a fixed order of cavitation during drought.

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“…Embolism removal can apparently be accomplished by nonmutually exclusive mechanisms (Brodersen et al ., ). Gas bubbles in the xylem conduits of some species can dissolve on their own (Lee & Kim, ; Rolland et al ., ; Ryu et al ., ), a process which is governed by temperature, the surface tension of water, plant water potential (Ψ stem ), conduit diameter, and wall surface properties (e.g. hydrophobicity and wall sculpturing; Konrad & Roth‐Nebelsick, ; Kohonen & Helland, ; Rolland et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo visualization of the final stages of xylem vessel refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) stems

2017

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SummaryEmbolism removal is critical for restoring hydraulic pathways in some plants, as residual gas bubbles should expand when vessels are reconnected to the transpiration stream. Much of our understanding of embolism removal remains theoretical as a consequence of the lack of in vivo images of the process at high magnification.Here, we used in vivo X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to visualize the final stages of xylem refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) paired with scanning electron microscopy.Before refilling, vessel walls were covered with a surface film, but vessel perforation plate openings and intervessel pits were filled with air. Bubbles were removed from intervessel pits first, followed by bubbles within perforation plates, which hold the last volumes of air which eventually dissolve. Perforation plates were dimorphic, with more steeply angled scalariform plates in narrow diameter vessels, compared with the simple perforation plates in older secondary xylem, which may favor rapid refilling and compartmentalization of embolisms that occur in small vessels, while promoting high hydraulic conductivity in large vessels.Our study provides direct visual evidence of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the final stages of embolism removal.

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Direct observation of local xylem embolisms induced by soil drying in intactZea maysleaves

Abstract: HighlightDirect X-ray micro-imaging reveals localized xylem embolism under water stress conditions in the leaves of intact maize, with a specific spatial distribution of embolism in terms of xylem structure.

Cited by 23 publications

References 57 publications

Insights from in vivo micro‐CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Insights from in vivo micro‐CT analysis: testing the hydraulic vulnerability segmentation in Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica seedlings

Mapping xylem failure in disparate organs of whole plants reveals extreme resistance in olive roots

In vivo visualization of the final stages of xylem vessel refilling in grapevine (Vitis vinifera) stems

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