Direct Observation of Hydrogen Etching Anisotropy on Diamond Single Crystal Surfaces

Cheng, Caleb; Chang, Huan‐Cheng; Lin, J.‐C.; Song, Kyungchul; Wang, J. K.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.78.3713

Cited by 78 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In a hydrogen rich environment a great part of the C(110)-(1 × 1) and C(100)-(2 × 1) surfaces are irreversibly converted to C(111) facets after prolonged heating to ∼1100 K (Cheng et al 1997a). The C(111)-H band is also the best studied and therefore we will use this band to investigate the observed diamond emission bands in the following section.…”

Section: Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…here F uv is the UV flux at the position of the diamonds, σ uv is the UV cross-section of diamond per C-atom, N C is the number of C-atoms in a diamond grain, σ ir is σ ir = c σ i with σ i the integrated IR cross-section per H-atom (1.8 × 10 −18 cm, for a C-H bond on a C(111)-(1 × 1) surface; Cheng et al 1997a), θ is the hydrogen coverage (number of surface H-atoms/number of surface C-atoms) and B ν (T ) is the Planck function at a temperature T and frequency ν. The number of surface C-atoms, N C−s , is given by πD 2 /a 2 , with D the diameter of the diamond grain and a the average distance between neighboring surface C-atoms, a = 2.52Å on a C(111)-(1 × 1) surface.…”

Section: Radiative Equilibrium Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanodiamonds around HD 97048 and Elias 1

Kerckhoven

Tielens²,

Waelkens

2002

A&A

102

104

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Abstract.We present an analysis of ISO-SWS observations of the Herbig Ae/Be stars HD 97048 and Elias 1. Besides the well-known family of IR emission bands at 3.3, 6.2, "7.7", 8.6 and 11.2 µm these objects show strong, peculiar emission features at 3.43 and 3.53 µm. The latter two features show pronounced substructure which is very similar in the two sources. Comparison of the spectra of HD 97048 and Elias 1 with laboratory spectra of H-terminated diamond surfaces show excellent and very convincing agreement in peak position and spectral detail (Guillois et al. 1999). The position of the 3.53 µm band indicates a temperature of ∼1000 K. An analysis of the radiative energy budget makes us conclude that the diamond carrier of the 3.53 µm feature has typical sizes of 1-10 nm for HD 97048. A fit of the 3.53 µm feature with a theoretical, calculated profile indicates that the emitting diamonds in HD 97048 see a FUV flux of 5.The derived diamond mass, 1.5 × 10 −10 M , is only a tiny fraction of the total circumstellar dust mass and corresponds to only about 1 parts per billion relative to hydrogen. We discuss the origin of the diamond around these Herbig Ae/Be stars and conclude that most likely they are formed in situ. The implications for the nanodiamonds discovered in meteorites are also discussed.

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Section: Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Radiative Equilibrium Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanodiamonds around HD 97048 and Elias 1

Kerckhoven

Tielens²,

Waelkens

2002

A&A

102

104

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“…The explosive synthesis conditions can influence both the shape [30] and structure [26,31] of the surface shell of nanodiamonds. On the other hand, the chemical activity of the surface of a diamond in various media depends on the atomic structure of the surface [32,33]. It can therefore be suggested that the difference in chemical activity between UDD of different types is caused by "inherited" properties formed at the stage of the synthesis of nanodiamonds.…”

Section: Mass Spectrometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

The chemistry of the surface of modified detonation nanodiamonds of different types

Koshcheev

Gorokhov

Gromov

et al. 2008

Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A

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-The influence of standard chemical treatment used to extract interstellar nanodiamonds from meteorites on the chemical composition of the surface of synthetic nanodiamonds with substantially different properties was studied by thermal desorption mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. The chemistry of the surface of nanodiamonds after treatment was substantially different from that of initial particles. The suggestion was made that the chemical structure of the surface of diamond particles in the interstellar space could be reconstructed from the data on meteorite diamonds. Mass spectrometric studies also gave information about possible mechanisms of the release of noble gases from meteorite diamonds at various temperatures.

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“…These parameters were the same as those for CVD diamond growth to ensure that the diamond surface was exposed to the same amount of atomic hydrogen flux as during growth. The experiments consisted of exposing the surface to atomic hydrogen at substrate temperatures of 200, 500, and 1000 ± C. The substrate temperature was measured by monitoring the shift in the 1332 cm 21 Raman peak with temperature [13]. After each exposure, the film was translated to the UHV STM to determine the effect of exposure on the surface structure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been reports of LEED studies of the etching of diamond (100) by atomic hydrogen produced by a microwave plasma [20], and a comparison between etching resulting from atomic hydrogen produced by a hottungsten filament and a microwave plasma by Cheng et al [21]. In Ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Temperature-Dependent Etching of Diamond (100) by Atomic Hydrogen

Stallcup

Pérez

2001

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We present a technique for obtaining atomic resolution ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy images of diamond (100) films, and use this technique to study the temperature dependence of the etching of epitaxial diamond (100) films by atomic hydrogen. We find that etching by atomic hydrogen is highly temperature dependent, resulting in a rough and pitted surface at T ഠ 200 and 500 ± C, respectively. At T ഠ 1000 ± C etching results in a smooth surface and is highly anisotropic, occurring predominantly in the direction of dimer rows. This observation supports recent theoretical models that propose anisotropic etching as the mechanism for the growth of smooth diamond (100) films. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3368 PACS numbers: 81.65.Cf, 68.37.Ef Diamond films grown using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) [1] have recently attracted considerable interest due to the unique mechanical and electronic properties of this material [2]. CVD growth of diamond films is not as well understood as CVD growth of Si and other semiconductors. Growth of diamond films requires a large ratio of molecular hydrogen ͑H 2 ͒ to hydrocarbon gas. During growth, H 2 is dissociated into atomic hydrogen by a hot-tungsten filament or microwaves. It is known that atomic hydrogen etches away graphite, and promotes diamond growth by terminating the diamond surface in an sp 3 configuration [1][2][3]. It is also known that atomic hydrogen etches diamond [1][2][3]. However, the effects of atomic hydrogen etching of diamond during growth are not well understood. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) has been extensively used to study the etching and growth of Si [4,5] and other semiconductors [5] at the atomic scale. To our knowledge, UHV STM has not been extensively used to study diamond. Most STM studies of diamond have been performed in air where sample preparation is limited to room temperature techniques and usually a hydrogen-terminated surface [6][7][8]. A recent study reported that STM was not possible in UHV because the diamond surface was not conductive enough until it was exposed to air [7]. One would like to see results of UHV STM of diamond comparable in quality to those that have been reported for Si.Epitaxial diamond (100) films are of particular interest because such films grow smooth at substrate temperatures T ഠ 1000 ± C [9], unlike epitaxial diamond (110) and (111) films that grow rough. The growth of smooth diamond (100) films is not well understood. Surface diffusion of adsorbates, which is responsible for the growth of most smooth films, is not widely accepted as responsible for the growth of smooth diamond (100) films because the hydrogen-terminated surface prevents diffusion [3]. Diffusion on the diamond (100) surface during growth has been modeled as occurring along surface sites where hydrogen has been removed by abstraction [10]. However, recent theoretical models have shown that the addition of surface diffusion to models would lead to higher growth rates than are experimentally observed [11...

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Direct Observation of Hydrogen Etching Anisotropy on Diamond Single Crystal Surfaces

Cited by 78 publications

References 26 publications

Nanodiamonds around HD 97048 and Elias 1

Nanodiamonds around HD 97048 and Elias 1

The chemistry of the surface of modified detonation nanodiamonds of different types

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of Temperature-Dependent Etching of Diamond (100) by Atomic Hydrogen

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