Direct N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from rice paddy fields: Summary of available data

Akiyama, Hiroko; Yagi, Kazuyuki; Yan, Xiaoyuan

doi:10.1029/2004gb002378

Cited by 206 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…In the treatment amended with chemical fertilizer, values of EF N2O ranging from −0.58% to −0.02% in our study were lower than reported values (0.37%) in the rice paddy field with midterm drainage, by Akiyama et al (2005). In Akiyama et al (2005), N 2 O flux measured for more than 100 d in the fallow season varied from 9.9 to 55.0 μg N m −2 h −1 , higher than that measured in our study during the fallow season (−13.3 to 48.3 μg N m −2 h −1 ).…”

Section: Effect Of Tillage and Fertilizer Type On Emission Factors Ofcontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…The ratio of N 2 O emission during the rice-growing season to applied fertilizer N (%) was measured for both fertilizer types. For estimating the EF of N 2 O during the rice-growing season (EF N2O ), background N 2 O emission, which was emitted N 2 O from unfertilized soil, was based on that reported by Akiyama et al (2005;0.372 kg N ha −1 of the water regime of midseason drainage during a rice growing season), and EF N2O was calculated with the following equation:…”

Section: Calculating Emission Factor and Global Warming Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Toma

Oomori

Asuka

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan Agricultural fields, including rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields, constitute one of the major sources of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). Organic matter application, such as straw and organic fertilizer, enhances CH 4 emission from paddy fields. In addition, rice straw management after harvest regulates CH 4 emissions in the growing season. The interaction of tillage times and organic fertilizer application on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions is largely unknown. Therefore, we studied the effects of fallow-season tillage times and fertilizer types on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions in paddy fields in Ehime, southwestern Japan. From November 2011 to October 2013, four treatments, two (autumn and spring) or one (spring) in the first year, or two (autumn and spring) or three (autumn, winter, and spring) in the second year times of tillage with chemical or organic fertilizer application, were established. Gas fluxes were measured by the closed-chamber method. Increasing the number of tillage times from one to two decreased succeeding CH 4 emission and the emission factor for CH 4 (EF CH4 ) in the rice-growing season, suggesting that the substrate for CH 4 production was reduced by autumn and spring tillage in the fallow season. Higher EF CH4 [1.8-2.0 kg carbon (C) ha] was observed when more straw was applied (6.9-7.2 Mg ha −1 ) in the second year. Organic fertilizer application induced higher CH 4 emission just after the application as basal and supplemental fertilizers, especially at a lower straw application rate. This indicated that EF CH4 in the organically managed fields should be determined individually. Organic fertilizer application with two tillage times induced N 2 O efflux during the rice-growing season in the second year, but N 2 O emissions were not affected by winter tillage. Although paddy fields can act as an N 2 O sink because of reduced soil conditions when straw application was high, application of organic C and nitrogen as fertilizer can enhance N 2 O production by the denitrification process during the growing season, especially in the ripening stage when soil anaerobic conditions became moderate. These results suggest that negative emission factors for N 2 O (EF N2O ) can be applied, and EF N2O of organic fertilizer should be considered during the estimation of N 2 O emission in the paddy field.ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Effect Of Tillage and Fertilizer Type On Emission Factors Ofcontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Calculating Emission Factor and Global Warming Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Toma

Oomori

Asuka

et al. 2015

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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“…This finding and our consequent protocol development strategy is consistent with Tier 1 methodologies endorsed by the IPCC (2006). The IPCC approach is based upon extensive reviews and meta-analyses (e.g., Bouwman et al 2002a;Akiyama et al 2005;Novoa and Tejeda 2006;Stehfest and Bouwman 2006), and uses anthropogenic N addition as the primary controlling factor for estimating country-wide emissions of N 2 O from managed land (IPCC 2006). Other management practices as well as land cover, soil type and climatic conditions are not taken into account with Tier 1 methodologies.…”

Section: Fertilizer N Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Millar

Robertson

Grace

et al. 2010

Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change

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173

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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is a major greenhouse gas (GHG) product of intensive agriculture. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) rate is the best single predictor of N 2 O emissions in rowcrop agriculture in the US Midwest. We use this relationship to propose a transparent, scientifically robust protocol that can be utilized by developers of agricultural offset projects for generating fungible GHG emission reduction credits for the emerging US carbon cap and trade market. By coupling predicted N 2 O flux with the recently developed maximum return to N (MRTN) approach for determining economically profitable N input rates for optimized crop yield, we provide the basis for incentivizing N 2 O reductions without affecting yields. The protocol, if widely adopted, could reduce N 2 O from fertilized row-crop agriculture by more than 50%. Although other management and environmental factors can influence N 2 O emissions, fertilizer N rate can be viewed as a single unambiguous proxy-a transparent, tangible, and readily manageable commodity. Our protocol addresses baseline establishment, additionality, permanence, variability, and leakage, and provides for producers and other stakeholders the economic and environmental incentives necessary for adoption of agricultural N 2 O reduction offset projects.

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“…Though that from rice paddies still has a large uncertainty due to limited data availability, Akiyama et al (2005) estimated the mean N 2 O emission AE standard deviation from paddy fields to be 341 AE 474 g N ha À1 season…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH₄and N₂O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

Katayanagi

Furukawa

Fumoto

et al. 2012

Soil Science and Plant Nutrition

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The DNDC (DeNitrification-DeComposition)-Rice model, one of the most advanced process-based models for the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields, has been discussed mostly in terms of the reproducibility of observed methane (CH 4 ) emissions from Japanese rice paddies, but the model has not yet been validated for tropical rice paddies under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation management, a water-saving technique. We validated the model by using CH 4 and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) flux data from rice in pots cultivated under AWD irrigation management in a screen-house at the International Rice Research Institute (Los Bañ os, the Philippines). After minor modification and adjustment of the model to the experimental irrigation conditions, we calculated grain yield and straw production. The observed mean daily CH 4 fluxes from the continuous flooding (CF) and AWD pots were 4.49 and 1.22 kg C ha À1 day À1 , respectively, and the observed mean daily N 2 O fluxes from the pots were 0.105 and 34.1 g N ha À1 day À1, respectively. The root-mean-square errors, indicators of simulation error, of daily CH 4 fluxes from CF and AWD pots were calculated as 1.76 and 1.86 kg C ha À1 day À1, respectively, and those of daily N 2 O fluxes were 2.23 and 124 g N ha À1 day À1, respectively. The simulated gross CH 4 emissions for CF and AWD from the puddling stage (2 days before transplanting) to harvest (97 days after transplanting) were 417 and 126 kg C ha À1 , respectively; these values were 9.8% lower and 0.76% higher, respectively, than the observed values. The simulated gross N 2 O emissions during the same period were 0.0279 and 1.45 kg N ha À1 for CF and AWD, respectively; these values were respectively 87% and 29% lower than the observed values. The observed total global warming potential (GWP) of AWD resulting from the CH 4 and N 2 O emissions was approximately one-third of that in the CF treatment. The simulated GWPs of both CF and AWD were close to the observed values despite the discrepancy in N 2 O emissions, because N 2 O emissions contributed much less than CH 4 emissions to the total GWP. These results suggest that the DNDC-Rice model can be used to estimate CH 4 emission and total GWP from tropical paddy fields under both CF and AWD conditions.

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Direct N₂O emissions from rice paddy fields: Summary of available data

Cited by 206 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH₄and N₂O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

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Direct N2O emissions from rice paddy fields: Summary of available data

Cited by 206 publications

References 30 publications

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Effect of the number of tillages in fallow season and fertilizer type on greenhouse gas emission from a rice (Oryza sativaL.) paddy field in Ehime, southwestern Japan

Nitrogen fertilizer management for nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation in intensive corn (Maize) production: an emissions reduction protocol for US Midwest agriculture

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH4and N2O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management

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Direct N₂O emissions from rice paddy fields: Summary of available data

Validation of the DNDC-Rice model by using CH₄and N₂O flux data from rice cultivated in pots under alternate wetting and drying irrigation management