Direct methylation of long‐chain fatty acids in feeds, digesta and faeces without prior extraction

Outen, G. E.; Beever, D. E.; Fenlon, J. S.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740270505

Cited by 61 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…After heating with benzene for 2 h at 70°C, Outen et al (103) quantified fatty acids with an accuracy similar to that of a conventional method (hexane extraction after basic hydrolysis and reaction with methanolic HCl) in feeds, digesta, and feces from sheep. Suitable results in mammalian tissues were also obtained by Shimasaki et al (82) using a similar method.…”

Section: Fame Synthesis and In Situ Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Different solvents have been used in performing in situ acid-based methods: hexane (100-102), tetrahydrofuran (79), benzene (74,75,79,103,104), toluene (75,77,79,105), and chloroform (75). Pentane, hexane, or isooctane were not beneficial when used to replace benzene (74), and benzene and toluene extracted FAME better than chloroform (75).…”

Section: Fame Synthesis and In Situ Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Development in lipid analysis: Some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification

Carrapiso

Garcı́a

2000

Lipids

162

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The development of methods for analyzing fatty acids that provide rapid and reliable results is currently in great demand. Recently, different lipid extraction procedures such as microwave or supercritical fluid extraction have heen researched. Both procedures avoid the use of large volumes of solvents and provide rapid lipid isolations. Only a few papers have reported work on microwave extraction, hut many studies ahout supercritical fluid extraction have heen carried out and have heen gaining acceptance within the scientific community. Avoiding the lipid isolation step, hy synthesizing fatty acid esters hy simultaneous lipid extraction and derivatization through in situ reactions, has also heen proposed. The saving of time and reagents is significant. Owing to the differences among the procedures, some knowledge of their characteristics is essential in order to improve methods and achieve reliable and accurate results. Clearly, results depend on factors such as the type of catalysis selected, the use of nonpolar solvents, heating applied during the synthesis, and the degree of suitability of the procedure chosen for the particular features of each sample.

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Section: Fame Synthesis and In Situ Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Fame Synthesis and In Situ Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 98%

Development in lipid analysis: Some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification

Carrapiso

Garcı́a

2000

Lipids

162

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“…Fatty acid compositional analysis was carried out as previously described (23). Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) peak identification was achieved by comparing the retention times to a standard mixture containing 48 species of FAME (Standard 463; Nu-Chek Pucp, Inc., Elysion, MN).…”

Section: Iii) Modified Stargen-based Fermentations (20% [Wt/wt] Solidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fermentation of Barley by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Examination of Barley as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production and Value-Added Products

Gibreel

Sandercock

Lan

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The objective of this study was to examine the ethanol yield potential of three barley varieties (Xena, Bold, and Fibar) in comparison to two benchmarks, corn and wheat. Very high gravity (VHG; 30% solids) fermentations using both conventional and Stargen 001 enzymes for starch hydrolysis were carried out as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. The grains and their corresponding dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS) were also analyzed for nutritional and value-added characteristics. A VHG traditional fermentation approach utilizing jet-cooking fermentation revealed that both dehulled Bold and Xena barley produced ethanol concentrations higher than that produced by wheat (12.3, 12.2, and 11.9%, respectively) but lower than that produced by corn (13.8%). VHG-modified Stargen-based fermentation of dehulled Bold barley demonstrated comparable performance (14.3% ethanol) relative to that of corn (14.5%) and wheat (13.3%). Several important components were found to survive fermentation and were concentrated in DDGS. The highest yield of phenolics was detected in the DDGS (modified Stargen 001, 20% solids) of Xena (14.6 mg of gallic acid/g) and Bold (15.0 mg of gallic acid/g) when the hull was not removed before fermentation. The highest concentration of sterols in DDGS from barley was found in Xena (3.9 mg/g) when the hull was included. The DDGS recovered from corn had the highest concentration of fatty acids (72.6 and 77.5 mg/g). The DDGS recovered from VHG jet-cooking fermentations of Fibar, dehulled Bold, and corn demonstrated similar levels of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Corn DDGS was highest in crude fat but was lowest in crude protein and in vitro energy digestibility. Wheat DDGS was highest in crude protein content, similar to previous studies. The barley DDGS was the highest in in vitro energy digestibility.

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“…Feed and blood samples were prepared as described by Outen et al (1976) and Sukhja and Palmquist (1988). Milk fat was extracted using the method of Lambert (1964).…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer of omega-3 linolenic acid and linoleic acid to milk fat from flaxseed or Linola protected with formaldehyde

Goodridge¹,

Ingalls²,

Crow³

2001

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Goodridge, J., Ingalls, J. R. and Crow, G. H. 2001. Transfer of omega-3 linolenic acid and linoleic acid to milk fat from flaxseed or Linola protected with formaldehyde. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 525-532. Four Holstein cows were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The primary objective of this study was to measure the transfer and increased level of omega-3 fatty acid C18:3 in milk by feeding supplemental protected fat from flax and, second, to measure the transfer and increase in level of C18:2 by feeding supplemental protected fat from linola. The four dietary treatments were total mixed rations (TMR) plus i) control-no added fat, ii) high levels of protected Linola containing high linoleic acid content, iii) low level of protected flax containing high linoleic acid content and iv) high levels of protected flax containing high linolenic acid content. Linola is a variety of Solin containing approximately 74% linoleic acid, which was developed from flax. These supplements were added to the diet as a top dress and provided 454 g fat (high level) from the protected Linola product, 187 g fat (low level) from the protected flax product and 410 g fat (high level) from the protected flax product. Treatments had no effect on feed intake, milk yield or milk content of fat, protein or solids not fat. Medium chain fatty acids, C12:0 to C16:0, were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the milk of cows fed supplemental fat. Milk stearic acid (C18:0) was significantly greater in the milk fat from cows fed Linola vs. control, but was unaffected by other dietary treatments. Milk linoleic acid (C18:2) was significantly higher at 10.3% in the milk of cows fed the protected Linola vs. the control at 4.8%. Linolenic acid (C18:3) was not affected by feeding Linola, but was significantly greater in the milk of cows fed the high level of protected flax (6.4% vs. 0.8% in the control). This represents an eightfold increase, while the low level of protected flax diet increased C18:3 by 3.9-fold in milk fat. Supplementing dairy cow diets with a formaldehyde-treated flax product at acceptable levels of fat for high producing cows results in a milk fat high in omega-3-linolenic acid. :2 dans le lait des animaux recevant un supplément de matière grasse protégée issue du cultivar Linola. Une ration mixte complète a été modifiée pour donner les quatre régimes suivants : i) témoin, sans addition de matière grasse; ii) grande quantité de Linola protégé riche en acide linoléique; iii) petite quantité de lin protégé riche en acide linoléique; iv) grande quantité de lin protégé riche en acide linolénique. Linola est une variété de Solin dérivée du lin contenant environ 74 % d'acide linoléique. Le supplément a été ajouté à la ration par saupoudrage, ce qui a procuré à l'animal 454 g de matière grasse protégée de Linola (grande quantité), 187 g de matière grasse protégée de lin (petite quantité) et 410 g de matière grasse protégée de lin (grande quantité). Les traitements n'ont eu aucune incidence sur la prise alimentaire,...

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Direct methylation of long‐chain fatty acids in feeds, digesta and faeces without prior extraction

Cited by 61 publications

References 32 publications

Development in lipid analysis: Some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification

Development in lipid analysis: Some new extraction techniques and in situ transesterification

Fermentation of Barley by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Examination of Barley as a Feedstock for Bioethanol Production and Value-Added Products

Transfer of omega-3 linolenic acid and linoleic acid to milk fat from flaxseed or Linola protected with formaldehyde

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