Fluorescent samples typically emit isotropically in all directions. As a result large lenses and other optical components are needed to capture a significant fraction of the emission, and complex confocal microscopes are required for high resolution focal-plane imaging. Complex optical systems are necessary for manipulation of light propagating in free-space. All propagating light is affected to some extent by surfaces, obstacles or apertures resulting in diffraction. Even the most highly collimated laser beams expand with distance from the source. This expansion is described by Rayleigh range ZR = πω20/λ0, where ω0 is the most narrow beam waist size and λ0 as the free-space wavelength. The value of ZR is the distance over which a Gaussian beam increases its cross-sectional area by a factor of two. The importance of diffraction can be understood by considering a 500 nm plane wave incident on an opaque mask with a 2 micron diameter hole. Even for this seemingly favorable case, with ω0 4-fold larger than the wavelength, ZR = 25 microns, showing that light passing through the 2 micron aperture is diffracted and quickly diverges with distance, and the beam area expands 2-fold in 50 λ0.
Bessel beams have remarkable property of being able to travel long distances, over 1000 times the wavelength, without diverging into a wider beams. The diameter of the beam can be diffraction limited over the entire distance. To be specific, a 2 micron diameter beam retains a 2 micron diameter for long distance, and a point source results in a Bessel beam with a diameter comparable to the diffraction-limited resolution of the optics. In all previous reports the Bessel beams were formed by an incident light source, typically with plane-wave illumination on a circular aperture. It was not known if Bessel beams could form using an incoherent fluorescent light source, especially within near-field distances from surface where plane waves have not yet formed. Herein we demonstrate transformation of the emission from fluorescent polystyrene spheres into non-diverging beams which propagate up to 130 mm (13 cm) along the optical axis with a constant diameter. This is accomplished using a planar metal film, with no nanoscale features in the X–Y plane, using surface plasmon-coupled emission. Furthermore, using samples which contain many fluorescent polystyrene spheres in the field-of-view, we demonstrate that an independent Bessel beam can be generated from any location on the metal film. The extremely long non-diffracted propagation distances offer new opportunities in fluorescence sensing and imaging.