Direct Measurement of the Interaction between Two Ordering Surfaces Confining a Presmectic Film

Forces in nematic liquid crystals: from nanoscale interfacial forces to long-range forces in nematic colloids

“…when the fluctuation effects are neglected) were considered by a number of authors (7-11), and many interesting predictions were made, including surface-induced capillary condensation of the nematic phase (7-8) and pseudo-Casimir effect in liquid crystals, where the interaction is generated by fluctuations of the liquid crystalline order (12). The pioneering experimental work on structural forces in the nematic liquid crystals has been done by Horn et al (13) using a SFA, which was later continued by a number of authors (14)(15)(16)(17). A lot of work on lyotropic liquid crystals has been done on presmectic interaction (16,17) and capillary condensation of lamellar lyotropic phases (18)(19).…”

“…The pioneering experimental work on structural forces in the nematic liquid crystals has been done by Horn et al (13) using a SFA, which was later continued by a number of authors (14)(15)(16)(17). A lot of work on lyotropic liquid crystals has been done on presmectic interaction (16,17) and capillary condensation of lamellar lyotropic phases (18)(19).…”

Cell Surface Display of Cellulase Activity–Free Xylanase Enzyme on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae EBY100

“…The effect of pH (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) and temperature (20-90°C) on xylanase activity was examined with purified xylanase enzyme by using 1% xylan (Sigma, X0627) as substrate, and the amounts of the released reducing sugars were determined by the dinitrosalicylic acid method [14]. Blank samples were used to correct the nonenzymatic release of reducing sugars.…”

“…The use of eco-friendly technology is preferred in any industrial process; therefore, due to severe concern over the environmental hazards of toxic chemicals used in pulp and paper industries, alternative methods for bleaching of pulp have been suggested [3]. One of the most important largescale biotechnological applications of recent years is the use of xylanases as bleaching agents in the pulp and paper industry, and treatment with xylanases facilitates the chemical extraction of lignin from pulp and leads to a significant reduction in the use of hazardous chemicals required for bleaching.…”

Structural Forces near Phase Transitions of Liquid Crystals

“…The SFA was also used in force experiments by Ruths et al [40] and Herke et al [41] These experiments were extended to the study of dynamical and shear forces between surfaces. A lot of work on lyotropic LCs was done in the group of P. Kekicheff by L. Moreau, P. Richetti, and P. Antelmi, who made the first measurements of the presmectic interaction [42,43] and capillary condensation of lamellar lyotropic phases. [44,45] In this concept, we present our recent experimental work on the interactions between surfaces, mediated by nematic and smectic LCs in their isotropic phase.…”