Direct Manipulation

Ziegler, Jürgen; Fähnrich, Klaus-Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-70536-5.50011-7

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…To eliminate potential learning effects due to the shape or meaning of graphical objects, icons used in the experiments (see Figure 1) were simple pictograms that were known to the participants and were uniquely identifiable (Paap & Roske-Hofstrand, 1988;Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988).…”

Section: Methods and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The basic icons of human-computer dialogue, including graphical icons, has become more and more uniform and homomorphic regardless of the computer operating system. Human-computer communication using the method of pointing and confirming (clicking) was introduced into computer systems developed under the mode of direct manipulation (DM; Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988). The dominant tool for the purpose of such communication is a computer mouse.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Usability of Graphical Icons in the Design of Human-Computer Interfaces

Grobelny¹,

Karwowski²,

Drury³

2005

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

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This study investigated usability of graphical icons in the design of human-computer interfaces. A simple additive model of icon acquisition time, including terms for Index of Difficulty, mode of icon array, and log 2 (number of icons) explained 95% of the variance in mean times covering all 36 conditions over 4 laboratory experiments conducted in the study. The acquisition of icons in graphical menus was subject to Fitts' Law. Where the dialog box only appeared on the screen when an action was initiated, the acquisition time included a choice time that was additive with the movement time. When a choice was required during the task in addition to a movement, both the number of icons and their configuration affected the choice time. Design implications are that the number of icons should be minimized in pop-up menus and that the icons should be arranged in a manner reflective of the shape of the useful field of view. Frequently used menus or icon arrays should be permanently visible to minimize performance time (e.g., by using task bars to hold common icons). Dialogue windows, especially with a larger number of icons, should be built in compact, perhaps square, configurations. If it is not possible to use the square icon configuration, it is desirable to use the horizontal configuration, which can be utilized more efficiently than the vertical configuration

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Section: Methods and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Usability of Graphical Icons in the Design of Human-Computer Interfaces

Grobelny¹,

Karwowski²,

Drury³

2005

International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction

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“…At the heart of the DM concept and design practice is the promotion of object-oriented, or graphic, and manual forms of interaction over and above more abstract and linguistic ones to reduce the mental load placed on the human cognitive system. The DM paradigm supports a number of favorable usability attributes, such as (a) ease of learning for novice users about the basic functionality and structure of interaction through imitation; (b) demonstration and experimentation; (c) high interaction efficiency attributable to the capability to define new functions and features; and (d) reduced error rates and decreased user anxiety because of reversibility of actions (Jones, 1989;Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988). In addition, adoption of a model-world metaphor leads to user perception that the interface is the system and that a clear distinction between input and output expressions is collapsed (Dix et al, 1998;Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988).…”

Section: Direct Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DM paradigm supports a number of favorable usability attributes, such as (a) ease of learning for novice users about the basic functionality and structure of interaction through imitation; (b) demonstration and experimentation; (c) high interaction efficiency attributable to the capability to define new functions and features; and (d) reduced error rates and decreased user anxiety because of reversibility of actions (Jones, 1989;Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988). In addition, adoption of a model-world metaphor leads to user perception that the interface is the system and that a clear distinction between input and output expressions is collapsed (Dix et al, 1998;Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988). The aforementioned characteristics are ubiquitous today in a variety of systems ranging from video games, interactive graphics packages, and spreadsheet packages to computer-aided design systems, soft-or virtual-control systems, and certain office systems (Frohlich, 1993;Jones, 1989;Shneiderman, 1987).…”

Section: Direct Manipulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although DM and GUIs are two of the more common HCI styles (Dix, Finlay, Abowd, & Beale, 1998), there is evidence in the glass cockpits of advanced commercial aircraft, such as the McDonnell (MD) 11, that they have not been exploited in system interface design. The investigation of HCI styles has mainly focused on application domains of the office system, such as text and graphics editing (Ziegler & Fahnrich, 1988). The absence of the application of usability principles and paradigms in the glass cockpit can be attributed to several issues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved Usability of Aviation Automation Through Direct Manipulation and Graphical User Interface Design

Kaber

Riley²,

Tan³

2002

The International Journal of Aviation Psychology

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Problems in advanced commercial aircraft pilot-flight management system (FMS) interaction through multifunction control display units (MCDUs) have been widely reported. Because this interaction plays an important role in ensuring aircraft safety, the MCDU should be designed to provide intuitive interfaces for ease of learning and use and to support pilot task performance in every aspect possible. Because of the increased complexity of computer-based systems, direct manipulation (DM) and graphical user interfaces (GUIs) have been proposed as vehicles to facilitate userfriendly interface design for improved usability of computer-based systems. This article takes a systematic approach toward the usability analysis of MCDU design; specifically it considers the application of foundational usability principles to aviation automation. The properties and advantages of DM and GUI design are reviewed from the perspective of MCDU design. In addition, discussion is provided on a usability inspection conducted on the MCDU interface design by human factors professionals. After this, general human-computer interaction design guidelines and recommendations on aspects of DM and GUIs relevant to the interface of the MCDU are formulated on the basis of previous empirical or analytical studies. The implications of specific usability design principles on the MCDU design, as suggested in the literature and by the usability judges, are also discussed in the constrained context of

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