Direct laser writing of synthetic poly(amino acid) hydrogels and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates by two-photon polymerization

Käpylä, Elli; Sedlačík, Tomáš; Aydogan, Dogu Baran; Viitanen, Jouko; Rypáček, František; Kellomäki, Minna

doi:10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.027

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Käpylä et al, to maximize the potential of biomimetic microstrucutres, designed polyaminoacids based on methacryloylated and acryloylated poly[ N (5)‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) l ‐glutamine] . Such materials were compared to the widely used PEG‐DA and, interestingly, showed a wider processing window.…”

Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

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The creation of 3D micro and nanostructures is of particular interest in the fields of photonics, [3] microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), [4] metamaterials, [5] micro/ nanofluidics, [6] cellular proliferation, and differentiation. [7] To create 3D objects of arbitrary shape, 3D printing techniques offer many versatile solutions. [8] Among these, direct laser writing (DLW) allows for the simple preparation of (sub)micrometric objects and patterns with a resolution that can go below 100 nm. [9][10][11] DLW is an additive manufacturing technique based on twophoton polymerization (2PP). To produce a structure, a fs-pulsed long-wavelength laser is focused, by means of optical elements, in a photosensitive resin which is able to crosslink (negative photoresist) or decompose (positive photoresist) under an energetic radiation but that is also transparent at the laser wavelength: if the intensity of the excitation radiation is high enough-as it is the case in the focus-the resin can undergo two (or more)-photon absorption and polymerize (or decompose). [12] Such multiphotons absorption phenomena are nonlinear and the cross-section of the different materials scales with the square (or higher) of the intensity of the radiation. For these reasons, the laser beam can enter the photoresist without being absorbed and trigger the photochemical process(es) only in a small volume around the focus. This volume is named "voxel" being the 3D analogue of a 2D pixel. [13] The absorption probability outside of the voxel is small, thus suppressing the propagation of the reaction and resulting in fine resolution. By moving around the voxel, one can obtain complex 3D structures that can be isolated after developing. [14,15] More than two decades have passed since DLW was proposed [16] and much progress has been made in terms of improving feature size and resolution, [9,[17][18][19][20][21] enlarging the library of materials that can be used, [22][23][24][25] and the possible applications of these finely controlled structures. [6,[25][26][27][28] The research on functional materials-here intended as materials that can be employed in 2PP and show peculiar features that encourage their use in particular applications-has propelled the field of micro/nanostructuring forward by promoting the interdisciplinarity between chemistry, physics, biology, and material science. [26] In this review, we will summarize and critically discuss the different functional materials proposed in the literature, dividing them and confronting them according to their preparation and their application (Figure 1; Table 1). We start the main body discussing the properties and applications of nanocomposite resists used in 2PP. In the second part, Direct laser writing methods based on two-photon polymerization (2PP) are powerful tools for the on-demand printing of precise and complex 3D architectures at the micro and nanometer scale. While much progress was made to increase the resolution and the feature size throughout the years, by carefully designing a material, one...

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Section: Homogeneous Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Carlotti

Mattoli

2019

Small

161

126

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“…In pursuit of more viable methods to effect a sustained hydrogel degradation, enzyme‐labile DLW photoresists have been developed which, although in its infancy, are receiving rapidly increasing attention. [ 18 ] Nonetheless, enzymatic cleavable microstructures are limited to specifically tailored peptide‐containing materials and the integration of these responsive elements into synthetic hydrogels is often cumbersome. [ 4b,12,19 ] An alternative biocompatible trigger to cleave 3D microscopic hydrogels can be found in hydrolysis.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures

et al. 2020

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The implementation of stimuli‐responsive bonds into 3D network assemblies is a key concept to design adaptive materials that can reshape and degrade. Here, a straightforward but unique photoresist is introduced for the tailored fabrication of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) materials that can be readily erased by water, even without the need for acidic or basic additives. Specifically, a new class of photoresist is developed that operates through the backbone crosslinking of PEG when irradiated in the presence of a bivalent triazolinedione. Hence, macroscopic gels are obtained upon visible light‐emitting diode irradiation (λ > 515 nm) that are stable in organic media but rapidly degrade upon the addition of water. Photoinduced curing is also applicable to multiphoton laser lithography (λ > 700 nm), hence providing access to 3D printed microstructures that vanish when immersed in water at 37 °C. Materials with varying crosslinking densities are accessed by adapting the applied laser writing power, thereby allowing for tunable hydrolytic erasing timescales. A new platform technology is thus presented that enables the crosslinking and 3D laser printing of PEG‐based materials, which can be cleaved and erased in water, and additionally holds potential for the facile modification and backbone degradation of polyether‐containing materials in general.

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“…During the printing process, a laser pulse is focused onto the top layer. The absorbed energy produces a bubble in the underlayer biomaterial and the generated shock waves push Limited capacity in structure fabrication; limited printing range; high cost; low throughput [6,11,[59][60][61] the bioink out of the ribbon onto the collector slide. [14,28,37] The printing resolution of laser-assisted bioprinting depends on laser energy, pulse frequency, layer thickness and bioink viscosity, the distance between donor and collector layers as well as the substrate wettability.…”

Section: Laser-assisted Bioprintingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organ Bioprinting: Are We There Yet?

Gao

Huang

Schilling

et al. 2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

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About 15 years ago, bioprinting was coined as one of the ultimate solutions to engineer vascularized tissues, which was impossible to accomplish using the conventional tissue fabrication approaches. With the advances of 3D‐printing technology during the past decades, one may expect 3D bioprinting being developed as much as 3D printing. Unfortunately, this is not the case. The printing principles of bioprinting are dramatically different from those applied in industrialized 3D printing, as they have to take the living components into account. While the conventional 3D‐printing technologies are actually applied for biological or biomedical applications, true 3D bioprinting involving direct printing of cells and other biological substances for tissue reconstruction is still in its infancy. In this progress report, the current status of bioprinting in academia and industry is subjectively evaluated. The progress made is acknowledged, and the existing bottlenecks in bioprinting are discussed. Recent breakthroughs from a variety of associated fields, including mechanical engineering, robotic engineering, computing engineering, chemistry, material science, cellular biology, molecular biology, system control, and medicine may overcome some of these current bottlenecks. For this to happen, a convergence of these areas into a systemic research area “3D bioprinting” is needed to develop bioprinting as a viable approach for creating fully functional organs for standard clinical diagnosis and treatment including transplantation.

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Direct laser writing of synthetic poly(amino acid) hydrogels and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates by two-photon polymerization

Cited by 38 publications

References 53 publications

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Functional Materials for Two‐Photon Polymerization in Microfabrication

Shining Light on Poly(ethylene glycol): From Polymer Modification to 3D Laser Printing of Water Erasable Microstructures

Organ Bioprinting: Are We There Yet?

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